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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

Microsoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/charityorganizatOOcharrich 


ROBERT    W.  DE    FOREST 


THE 
CHARITY  ORGANIZATION  SOCIETY 

U 

OF    THE 

CITY   OF   NEW   YORK 


1882-1907 


HISTORY:  ACCOUNT  OF 
PRESENT    ACTIVITIES 

TWENTY-FIFTH  ANNUAL  REPORT  FOR 
THE  YEAR  ENDING  SEPTEMBER  THIR- 
TIETH   NINETEEN  HUNDRED  &  SEVEN 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

-  OF 

BY 

LILIAN  BRANDT 


UNITED   CHARITIES   BUILDING 

105    EAST    22d    STREET 

NEW  YORK   CITY 


W\r 


B.  H.  Tyrrel,  Printer 
206-208  Fulton  Street,  New  York 


.    CONTENTS 

PAGE 

History  of  the  Society:  1882-1907 11-62 

Fundamental   Principles 11 

The  Beginnings    15 

Location  of  the  Central  Office 19 

The  Formative  Years:   1882-1887  21 

Advance  and  Growth:    1888-1893    27 

Industrial  Depression :    1893-1897    34 

Expansion :  1898-1907 40 

Conclusion 57 

Account  of  Present  Activities:  1907  65-145 

Administration 65 

"A  center  of  inter-communication" 70 

Registration  Bureau   71 

Reports  on  Cases    76 

Reception  Bureau 76 

Bureau  of  Advice  and  Information  , 79 

Monthly  Conferences  of  Social  Workers 81 

Case  work 82 

Joint  Application  Bureau 84 

Investigation  Bureau    87 

Districts 89 

Relief 98 

Tables  for  the  year  1906-07  104,  105 

Activities  "to  procure  work" 106 

Wood   Yard    107 

Laundry 109 

Special  Employment  Bureau  for  the  Handicapped Ill 

The  promotion  of  the  general  welfare  of  the  poor 115 

Department  for  the  Improvement  of  Social  Conditions.  . .  116 

Tenement  House  Committee 117 


1 66101 


PAGE 

Committee  on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis 118 

Committee  on  Mendicancy   124 

Penny  Provident  Fund 126 

Research  and  Education 130 

Social  Research 130 

The  School  of  Philanthropy    135 

The  Charities  Publication  Committee  138 

Main  Events  of  the  Twenty-Five  Years :  a  chronological  table ....       149 
Officers  and  Members  of  the  Central  Council  and  of  Standing  and 

District  Committees:  1882-1907  169 

Officers,  Central  Council,  and  Committees,  October,  1907 223 

Office  Staff,  October,  1907 233 

Financial  Statements  for  the  year  ending  September  30,  1907. .  .251-264 

Statement  of  Permanent  Funds 251 

Statement  of  Receipts  and  Disbursements  252 

Statement  of  Relief  Obtained  and  Distributed 257 

Report  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  Wood  Yard  and   Industrial 

Building 259 

Report  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  Laundry 261 

Financial  Statement  of  Charities  and  the  Commons   263 

Form    of    Bequest • Cover  2 

District  Offices,  Agents,  Chairmen,  and  Boundaries    Cover  3 

Directory    of    Offices    Cover  4 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

Robert  W.   de   Forest Frontispiece 

Josephine    Shaw    Lowell Facing  page  16 

Previous  locations  of  the  Central   Office Facing  page  24 

United    Charities    Building Facing  page  25 

Charles   D.   Kellogg Facing  page  32 

John  S.  Kennedy , . .  Facing  page  40 

Model  of  block  of  tenement  houses  on  the  lower  east  side. Facing  page  48 

Air-shaft  of  1901;  new  law  court  of  1902 Facing  page  49 

Sociological  Reference  Library Facing  page  56 

Edward  T.  Devine Facing  page  65 

Face  and  reverse  of  record  card Page  73 

The   Registration    Bureau Facing  page  80 

The  Joint  Application  Bureau Facing  page  88 

Greenwich   District   Office Facing  page  89 

Map  showing  extension  of  district  work Page  91 

Volume  of  district  work  in  1906-07  and  the  two  preceding  years. 

Diagram  1 Page  95 

Amount  of  relief  disbursed  as  intermediary,  1901-07.  Diagram  2. Page  99 

Purposes  for  which  relief  was  spent,  1907.     Diagram  3 Page  103 

Days'  work  performed  at  the  Laundry,   1906-07   and  1905-06. 

Diagram   4    Page  110 

A  corner  of  the  Wood  Yard Facing  page  112. 

An  ironing  room  in  the  Laundry Facing  page  113 

Character  of  handicaps  among  applicants  to  the  Special  Em- 
ployment Bureau,  1907.     Diagram  5   Page  113 

Educational  literature  of  the  Committee  on  the  Prevention  of 

Tuberculosis Facing  page  120 

Day  camp  on  the  ferry-boat  Southfield Facing  page  121 

Deposits  in  the  Penny  Provident  Fund  at  the  end  of  each  year, 

1890-1907.     Diagram   6    Page  127 


stamp  savings  card  used  by  the  Penny  Provident  Fund .  Facing  page  128 
Fluctuation  of  deposits  in  the  Penny  Provident  Fund,  1904-07. 

Diagram  7 Page  128 

Statistical  card    Page  131 

The  School  of  Philanthropy:   Bureau  of  Social  Research  and 

Lecture  Room Facing  page  136 

Publications Facing  page  140 

Charities  and  the  Commons: 

Editorial  and  business  offices    Facing  page  141 

An  illustration  of  the  press  service Facing  page  144 

Selected  covers    Facing  page  145 


HISTORY 

1882-1907 


FUNDAMENTAL    PRINCIPLi:S 

The  Charity  Organization  Society  of  New  York  has  com- 
pleted twenty-five  years  of  service:  service  to  the  families 
whom  it  has  helped,  and  enabled  others  to  help;  service  to 
-all  the  poor  of  New  York,  for  whom  it  has  worked  to  secure 
more  favorable  conditions  of  living  and  more  adequate  pro- 
vision for  their  needs ;  and  service  Jto  the  entire  country, 
through  the  part  it  has  taken  in  improving  all  kinds  of  cTiari- 
table  work  and  in  forwarding  movements  designed  to  control 
causes  of  poverty  and  to  raise  the  general  standard  of  living. 

From  the  beginning  its  ultimate  purpose  has  been  the* 
diminution  of  poverty.  Belief  in  the  possibility  of  elimin- 
ating poverty  had  not  been  formulated  in  so  many  words  as 
a  working  motive  in  the  early  years,  but  methods  and  pro- 
jects were  constantly  tested  by  their  probable  power  "to 
rescue,  and  not  merely  to  soothe,  those  who  are  in  danger 
of  lapsing  into  professional  pauperism";  "to  protect  the  com- 
munity against  pauperism  not  so  much  by  confining  it  to  low 
and  neglected  localities  as  by  concerting  means  to  get  rid 
of  it."  In  recent  years  the  growing  conviction  that  not 
only  professional  pauperism,  but  unwholesome  poverty  as. 
well,  in  the  sense  of  "the  absence  of  the  essential  conditions 
of  normal  living",  may  be  obliterated,  has  almost  come  to  be 
a  fundamental  article  of  faith ;  and  with  the  development  of 
this  ideal  organized  charity  has  naturally  drawn  to  itself- 
constantly  augmenting  circles  of  friends  and  adherents. 

As  there  has  been  through  the  twenty-five  years  this  per- 
sistent underlying  motive,  so  there  has  also  been  a  persist- 
ent principle  of  action.      Starting  with  a  constitution  which 


12  HISTORY 

by  its  elasticity  does  honor  to  the  prescience  of  its  framers, 
the  Society  found  itself,  in  planning  its  work,  limited  only  by 
considerations  of  expediency ;  and  the  principle  was  embodied 
in  practice  which  has  been  formulated  by  the  president  of 
the  Society  and  accepted  as  a  proper  statement  of  the  scope 
for  charity  organization  societies — ^that  "whatever  needs  to 
1)6  done  in  the  community  and  is  not  already  being  satis- 
factorily done  by  some  other  agency  may  legitimately  be 
undertaken  by  a  charity  organization  society  and  carried 
•on  as  long  as  the  need  for  it  continues." 

To  act  successfully,  or  even  safely,  on  this  principle  re- 
quires clear  vision  on  the  part  of  those  who  direct  the  work 
of  the  Society.  There  must  be  knowledge  of  conditions  and 
of  remedial  agencies;  there  must  be  ability  to  recognize  a 
need  and  equal  ability  to  know  when  it  has  ceased  to  exist. 
These  requirements  seem  elementary,  but  to  meet  them  de- 
mands more  than  elementary  vigilance.  The  effort  to  meet 
them  by  the  Charity  Organization  Society  has  resulted  in 
what  may  be  called  its  characteristic  method  of  work.  The 
report  made  by  Mrs.  Lowell  to  the  State  Board  of  Charities 
in  October,  1881,  on  the  basis  of  which  the  resolutions  were 
adopted  leading  to  the  organization  of  the  Society,  contained 
a  digest  of  all  the  information  that  could  be  collected  about 
the  non-institutional  relief  work  in  the  city,  and  quotations 
to  show  the  attitude  of  the  leaders  in  charitable  work  toward 
the  existing  situation.  A  sense  of  the  importance  of  knowing 
•conditions  and  tendencies  of  thought,  expressed  in  this  first 
•document  in  the  annals  of  the  Society,  has  been  characteristic 
•of  its  entire  history.  A  review  of  the  significant  charitable 
•events  of  the  year  and  a  discussion  of  the  pressing  charitable 
Tieeds  are  features  of  the  annual  reports ;  special  committees 
liave  been  appointed  from  the  first  year  of  the  Society's  exist- 
•ence,  and  special  agents  employed,  to  study  problems  which 
•demanded  attention ;  and  at  every  step  in  its  development  the 
decision  to  take  up  new  work  has  rested  on  a  study  of  the 


DISTINGUISHING    FEATURES  1 3 

facts  germane  to  the  situation..  The  Society  is,  in  this  sense, 
an  opportunist  with  a  fixed  ultimate  object,  if  such  a  con- 
tradiction in  terms  may  be  allowed.  To  just  the  degree  that 
it  has  been  able  to  discern  the  right  moment  and  the  accept- 
able method  for  initiating  action  has  it  been  successful  in 
accomplishing  its  object,  the  diminution  of  suffering  and  the 
promotion  of  the  general  welfare  of  the  poor. 

A  society  with  a  fixed  underlying  motive,  a  persistent 
principle  of  action,  and  a  characteristic  method  of  work  is 
bound  to  display  continuity  in  its  development,  though  in  this 
case  the  nature  of  the  persistent  principle  and  of  the  method 
averts  the  possibility  of  monotony.  The  history  of  the  New 
York  Charity  Organization  Society  is  of  an  unusual  continu- 
ity. It  is  the  record  of  a  steady  growth  in  the  direction  in 
which  it  started.  There  has  never  been  a  reversal  of  policy. 
The  charter  has  been  amended  only  once,  to  provide  for  the 
maintenance-  of  an  educational  institution.  The  constitution 
has  been  changed  only  to  provide  for  expansion.  When 
undertakings  have  been  discontinued  it  has  been  because 
they  have  served  their  end.  There  are  no  periods  of  contrast- 
ing aspect  in  the  twenty-five  years.  The  latter  half  of  this 
history  has  shown  faster  growth,  as  indicated  by  the  number  of 
persons  affected  and  the  money  spent,  and  there  has  been 
some  change  in  the  emphasis  placed  on  the  objects  stated 
in  the  constitution.  But  the  rapid  development  of  educa- 
tional and  reconstructive  work  for  the  improvement  of  social 
conditions  was  made  possible  by  the  intensive  work  of  the 
earlier  years,  and  in  those  earlier  years  may  be  found  fore- 
shadowings  of  many  of  the  new  undertakings.  The  reason 
why  investigation,  registration,  co-operation,  and  adequate 
relief  are  not  now  prominent  in  every  discussion  is  not  be- 
cause these  "foundation  pillars"  have  been  allowed  to  crumble 
away,  but  because  the  twenty-five  years  have  strengthened 
them  until  their  names  are  commonplaces,  and  attention  is 
naturally  centered  on  the  superstructure  they  support.      The 


14  HISTORY 

objects  might  be  stated  differently,  or  in  a  different  order,  if 
the  constitution  were  being  written  for  the  first  time  to-day, 
but  they  would  be  the  same  objects;  and  each  new  way  of 
working  toward  them  has  been  developed  out  of  experience 
gained  through  previous  work  and  increasing  knowledge. 

The  growth  has  not  only  been  harmonious;  it  has  also 
been  continuous  and  uninterrupted.  There  have  been  no 
periods  of  recession.  Some  of  the  years  have  been  much 
more  active  than  others,  but  there  is  scarcely  one  that  does 
not  show  some  new  undertaking  and  not  one  that  is  without 
advance  of  some  sort.  The  Society  owes  this  unusual  history 
to  the  wisdom  of  its  founders,  to  the  steadfast  interest  of  its 
officers  and  members,  to  the  devotion  of  its  employes,  and 
to  its  adherence  to  the  principles  that  have  been  pointed  out. 
Nor  does  this  development  represent,  as  is  often  the  case, 
the  initiative  and  control  of  any  one  person.  Progress  too 
often  is  limited  by  a  single  life  and  is  not  continued  beyond  a 
single  generation;  but  this  has  been  due  to  the  concerted 
thought  and  effort  of  many  different  persons,  men  and  women, 
for  both  men  and  women  are  members  of  its  Central  Council 
and  of  its  different  committees  and  both  sexes  are  repre- 
sented on  its  official  staff.  Every  question  of  policy,  every 
forward  movement,  has  been  critically  considered  in  advance 
and  final  action  has  represented  a  consensus  of  opinion  in 
which  many  have  shared.  If  some  workers  are  called  away 
there  are  others  already  familiar  with  the  Society  and  its 
traditions  who  are  ready  to  take  their  place.  Herein  is  its 
guaranty  against  retrogression  and  its  assurance  of  progress. 

Thus  the  twenty-sixth  year  finds  the  Society  at  the  high- 
est point  of  vigor  and  usefulness  it  has  yet  attained. 


THE    BEGINNINGS 

The  consideration  uppermost  in  the  minds  of  those  who 
brought  about  the  organization  of  the  Society  was  the  need 
for  establishing  "a  center  of  inter-communication  between  the 
various  churches  and  charitable  agencies  in  the  city,"  in 
order  "to  foster  harmonious  co-operation  between  them,  and 
to  check  the  evils  of  the  over-lapping  of  relief."  The  con- 
stitution states  this  as  the  first  of  the  six  objects  of  the  Society. 
Its  part  in  constructive  work  for  individual. families  is  defined 
in  the  next  three :  to  investigate  all  cases  referred  to  it  and ' 
share  its  knowledge  with  any  inquirer  having  a  legitimate 
interest;  to  obtain  "suitable  and  adequate  relief  for  deserv- 
ing cases";  and  to  procure  work.  The  repression  of  mendi- 
cancy is  announced  as  a  distinct  object.  And  there  is  added 
a  sixth  paragraph,,  which  has  proved  to  be  the  most  far- 
sighted  and  most  beneficent  clause  in  the  document:  "to' 
promote  the  general  welfare  of  the  poor  by  social  and  sani- 
tary reforms,  and  by  the  inculcation  of  habits  of  providence 
and  self-dependence."  The  history  of  the  quarter  century  is 
a  record  of  consistent  pursuit  of  these  objects  by  measures 
growing  steadily  in  diversity  and  efficiency. 

On  October  12,  1881,  a  special  report  "in  relation  to  out- 
door relief  societies  in  New  York  City  "was  presented  by 
Josephine  Shaw  Lowell,  for  the  New  York  City  members  of 
the  Board,  to  the  State  Board  of  Charities. 

In  preparing  this  report  an  attempt  had  been  made  to  find 
out  how  many  families  were  cared  for,  how  much  money  was 
spent,  and  what  methods  were  used,  by  the  principal  relief 
agencies  of  the  city.      Only  partial  returns  could  be  secured, 


l6  HISTORY 

but  even  the  fragmentary  figures  served  to  show  how  "im- 
portant a  business"  the  administration  of  charity  had  become, 
and  the  information  obtained  about  methods  disclosed  a  state 
of  aflfairs  so  like  that  which  had  existed  in  1843  ^^^^  it  was 
most  easily  and  aptly  described  by  a  quotation  from  the  first 
annual  report  of  the  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition 
of  the  Poor.  The  interval  had  brought  an  increase  in  the 
number  of  "societies  acting  independently  of  each  other", 
but  no  system  for  controlling  the  evils  which  had  been  so 
clearly  seen  and  defined  by  Robert  M.  Hartley  forty  years 
before.  The  review  of  the  situation  "led  to  the  irresistible 
conclusion"  that  there  was  at  that  time  "inevitably  great  waste 
of  energy,  effort  and  money,  owing  to  the  want  of  co-opera- 
tion among  the  societies  which  administer  the  charities  of 
New  York  City",  while  the  same  cause  operated  "to  encour- 
age  among  the  poor^auperism_and  degradation".  Next,  to 
stiow^hat  the"~moment  was^  auspicious  ior  action,  passages 
showing  that  the  need  of  organization  was  felt  were  quoted 
from  recent  annual  reports  of  such  prominent  societies  as  the 
Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor,  the 
American  Female  Guardian  Society,  St.  John's  Guild,  and  the 
Woman's  Branch  of  the  New  York  City  Mission. 

A  resolution  was  therefore  recommended,  and  adopted  at 
the  same  meeting,  authorizing  the  New  York  City  Commis- 
sioners of  the  State  Board  of  Charities  "to  take  such  steps  as 
they  may  deem  wise  to  inaugurate  a  system  of  mutual  help 
and  co-operation"  among  the  societies  engaged  in  teaching 
and  relieving  the  poor  of  the  city  in  their  own  homes." 

At  this  time  the  organizing  of  charity  was  one  of  the  things 
in  the  air.  In  several  important  cities  a  few  years  before, 
almost  simultaneously,  societies  more  or  less  like  the  London 
proto-type  had  been  formed,  the  first  one  in  Buffalo  in  1877; 
and  by  the  close  of  1881  there  were  twenty  in  existence.  An 
earlier  attempt  had  been  made  in  New  York  City,  in  1874,  to 
establish  a  Bureau  of  Charities  for  the  purpose  of  register- 


V. 


JOSEPHINE    SHAW    LOWELL 
From  the  bas-relief  by  Augustus  Saint  Gaudens 


0-TiH£ 

'^    UNIVERSITY 

OF 

s^lFORN^ 


THE    BEGINNINGS  1/ 

ing  persons  receiving  out-door  relief  from  all  sources,  but  it 
had  failed.  The  State  Charities  Aid  Association  had  been 
discussing  the  need  for  co-operation  among  the  charities  en- 
gaged in  distributing  out-door  relief  in  New  York  City,  and 
its  Committee  on  Out-Door  Relief,  which  later  became  the 
Committee  on  the  Elevation  of  the  Poor  in  their  Homes,  was 
"watching  with  very  deep  interest  the  progress  made  by  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  of  Buffalo,  hoping  to  find  suffi- 
cient encouragement  to  recommend  the  same  plan  for  adop- 
tion in  New  York  City,"  though  as  late  as  December,  1880, 
it  was  "not  prepared"  to  make  the  recommendation.  The 
movement  of  1881  does  not  seem  to  have  been  a  revival  of 
the  earlier  attempts,  or  to  have  been  directly  suggested  by  any 
of  the  successful  experiments  in  other  cities.  It  was  rather 
the  logical  solution  which  presented  itself  to  the  persons  con- 
cerned about  the  evils  they  saw  in  the  existing  situation,  and 
was  thus  one  of  the  independent  beginnings  of  charity  organ- 
ization in  this  country. 

The  three  New  York  City  members  of  the  State  Board 
appointed  a  Committee  on  the  Organization  of  Charities  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  consisting  of  the  following  members: 
Dr.  S.  O.  Vanderpoel,  chairman,  Alfred  Roosevelt,  Charles 
S.  Fairchild,  Arthur  M.  Dodge,  J.  Kennedy  Tod,  Dr.  Stephen 
Smith,  Josephine  Shaw  Lowell,  R.  Duncan  Harris,  and  J.  R. 
Roosevelt,  secretary. 

This  committee  organized  on  January  5,  1882,  and  held 
several  meetings  during  the  month,  at  one  of  which  the  Rev. 
S.  Humphreys  Gurteen  of  Buffalo  was  present,  on  special 
invitation,  and  "gave  an  extended  and  interesting  account  of 
charity  organization  societies  of  Buffalo  and  other  cities,  and 
of  his  views  in  regard  to  the  establishment  of  a  similar  organ- 
ization in  the  city  of  New  York."  A  constitution  was  drawn 
and  reported  back  to  the  New  York  City  members  of  the 
State  Board,  who  requested  the  committee  to  become  mem- 
bers of  the  Central  Council  and  called  a  meeting  for  organi- 


1 8  HISTORY 

zation..  This  meeting  was  held  on  February  8,  1882,  at  67 
Madison  Avenue.  Cordial  expressions  of  approval  and  offers 
of  help  were  received  within  a  few  days  from  the  State  Char- 
ities Aid  Association  and  the  Association  for  Improving  the 
Condition  of  the  Poor.  Standing  committees  on  Member- 
ship, Finance,  District  Work,  and  Co-operation,  were  imme- 
diately appointed,  and  a  special  committee  to  secure  a  central 
office.  Charles  D.  Kellogg,  secretary  of  the  Philadelphia 
Society  for  Organizing  Charity,  was  engaged  as  organizing 
secretary,  and  on  April  15  he  opened  the  Central  Office  at  67 
Madison  Avenue,  in  the  rooms  of  a  club  which  offered  the 
Society  desk-space. 

Mr.  Kellogg's  familiarity  with  charity  organization  meth- 
ods, his  care  and  patience  and  devotion  to  the  necessary  de- 
tails of  the  office,  and  his  considerate  and  generous  nature 
which  won  friends  in  every  direction,  were  especially  valu- 
able assets  to  the  Society  throughout  its  formative  period. 

The  first  president,  Dr.  S.  O.  Vanderpoel,  was  obliged  by 
his  ill  health  to  resign  from  that  office  at  the  end  of  three 
years,  but  even  in  his  short  term  of  service  his  "mature  judg- 
ment, varied  experience,  and  conscientious  diligence"  left 
their  impress. 


LOCATION   OF  THi:   ce:ntkal   office 

Within  a  few  weeks  the  office  Hmits  at  (^y  Madison  Avenue 
"became  inadequate,  and  the  Society  moved  across  the  street 
to  rented  quarters  in  number  64,  the  building  then,  and  now, 
•occupied  by  the  Mott  Memorial  Medical  and  Surgical  Library. 
It  stayed  there  less  than  a  year,  for  in  the  spring  of  1883  the 
Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor  gave  a 
substantial  proof  of  its  co-operative  spirit  by  offering  the  free 
use  of  two  floors  in  its  building  at  79  Fourth  Avenue.  This 
generous  hospitality  was  enjoyed  for  two  years,  until  expan- 
sion in  the  work  of  both  societies  made  more  room  necessary, 
and  then,  in  May,  1885,  the  Society  moved  to  21  University 
Place,  where  it  remained  until  it  came  to  its  permanent  home 
in  the  United  Charities  Building  in  the  spring  of  1893.  There 
was  some  hope  of  making  the  house  on  University  Place  an 
embryonic  charity  building,  and  this  was  partially  realized, 
the  State  Charities  Aid  Association  and  two  or  three  other 
organizations  having  their  offices  there. 

As  early  as  1886  a  suggestion  was  made,  in  a  letter  by  the 
organizing  secretary  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society,  of 
the  advantages  which  a  "charity  building"  would  hold  for  the 
societies  which  would  come  together  in  it,  and  for  the  ben- 
evolent and  the  poor  of  the  city  as  well.  The  suggestion  was 
not  followed  up  until  1890.  An  offer  of  $50,000  was  then  re- 
ceived from  James  A.  Scrymser  toward  such  a  building  to  be 
erected  under  the  joint  auspices  of  the  Charity  Organization 
Society  and  the  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of 
the  Poor,  and  a  joint  committee  was  appointed  to  raise  the 
additional  $200,000  needed.      About  $90,000  was  secured  and 


20  HISTORY 

then  a  period  of  financial  depression  interrupted  active  efforts 
by  this  committee  for  the  winter.  Just  as  they  were  about 
to  be  renewed  a  letter  was  received,  dated  March  9,  1891, 
from  John  S.  Kennedy,  announcing  his  plans  for  erecting  a 
United  Charities  Building  at  the  corner  of  Fourth  Avenue  and 
Twenty-Second  Street,  on  the  site  then  occupied  by  St.  Paul's 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  A  beneficial  interest  in  this 
building  was  offered  to  the  Charity  Organization  Society,  as 
also. to  the  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the 
Poor,  t|he  Children's  Aid  Society,  and  the  New  York  City 
Mission  and  Tract  Society.  The  joint  committee  thus  found 
its  work  done  when  it  scarcely  had  been  begun,  and  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  saw  the  ideal  it  had  had  in 
mind  for  five  years,  and  was  ready  to  work  for  as  long  as 
might  be  necessary,  realized  in  a  moment  by  the  gift  of  one 
clear-sighted  philanthropist. 

In  just  two  years  the  building  was  ready  for  use,  and  each 
succeeding  year  has  added  to  the  conviction  that  it  embodies 
one  of  the  wisest,  most  far-reaching  benefactions  of  the  period. 
The  "very  lively  personal  intercourse"  among  the  leaders  in 
the  different  organizations,  which  a  distinguished  foreign 
student  of  American  charities  finds  among  us  a  satisfactory 
substitute  for  official  connection,  could  hardly  have  develop- 
ed to  such  proportions  without  it,  nor  except  for  it  could  there 
be  such  effective  formal  co-operation  as  there  is  in  many 
ways.  The  advantage  it  is  to  the  poor,  the  discouragement 
it  is  to  imposture,  and  the  convenience  it  is  to  all  the  social 
workers  and  contributors  of  the  city,  and  to  those  of  other 
cities  in  their  visits  to  New  York,  are  so  obvious  that  they 
hardly  need  to  be  mentioned.  The  United  Charities  Build- 
ing has  so  quickly  and  so  completely  become  what  it  was 
intended  to  be  that  in  New  York  it  is  almost  looked  upon 
as  one  of  the  original  institutions  of  the  island,  and  it  requires 
an  effort  to  imagine  the  social  economy  of  the  city  without  it. 


THE    FORMATIVE    YEARS:    1882-1887 

The  first  year  was  a  busy  one.  A  system  of  registration 
and  exchange  of  reports  was  inaugurated  and  a  "bureau  of 
fraudulent  cases"  was  opened;  the  co-operation  of  138  chari- 
table agencies  was  secured,  including  the  Department  of  Pub- 
lic Charities  and  Correction ;  six  district  committees  were  or- 
ganized and  offices  opened  in  their  districts.  Eight  "tracts", 
all  of  them  valuable  essays,  and  the  preparation  of  a  Hand- 
book for  Visitors  and  a  Directory  of  the  charitable  resources 
of  the  city,  mark  the  beginnings  of  the  substantial  body  of  lit- 
erature which  the  Society  has  produced.  A  nucleus  was  col- 
lected for  the  reference  library  which  is  now  perhaps  the  best 
of  its  kind.  Delegates  were  sent  to  the  meetings  of  the  Na- 
tional Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction,  as  has  been  done 
in  each  succeeding  year,  and  also  to  the  meeting  of  the  Amer- 
ican Social  Science  Association.  The  Society  began  its  pro-V 
motion  of  "social  and  sanitary  reforms"  by  taking  part  in  a  1 
conference  "to  consider  the  condition  of  the  tenement  houses 
of  the  city",  and  by  appointing  special  committees  which  at 
the  end  of  the  year  had  under  consideration  the  advisability 
of  establishing  a  loan  society  and  a  bureau  for  legal  aid.  The 
effort  to  "procure  work  for  poor  persons  who  are  capable  of 
being  wholly  or  partially  self-supporting"  had  brought  up  the 
question  of  opening  a  wood-yard  and  had  started  a  study  of 
the  labor  markets  of  the  country  and  the  feasibility  of  using 
them.  The  repression  of  mendicancy  was  the  only  one  of  the 
six  objects  for  whose  attaining  specific  measures  had  not  been 
set  on  foot  before  twelve  months  had  passed,  and  it  had  not 
to  wait  much  longer,  for  on  July  i,  1883,  a  special  out-door 


22  HISTORY 

agent  was  appointed,  commissioned  as  deputy  sheriff,  to  deaf. 
with  street  beggars.  During  this  second  year  the  Society 
also  opened  a  wood-yard  on  East  Twenty-Fourth  Street;  be- 
gan the  publication  of  the  Monthly  Bulletin  as  a  medium 
of  communication  with  its  members,  to  replace  The  Register 
of  the  Philadelphia  Society  which  had  been  serving  as  its 
organ;  and  issued  the  first  edition  of  the  Charities  Directory, 
an  invaluable  book  of  reference  regarding  the  social  work  of 
the  city,  which  has  been  revised  and  re-published  in  sixteen 
succeeding  editions. 

By  the  end  of  the  fifth  year  the  district  organization  had 
been  extended  to  One  Hundred  and  Tenth  vStreet  on  the  east 
side  and  Fifty-Ninth  on  the  west  and  the  district  work 
strengthened ;  registration  had  been  extended  and  improved ; 
the  "necessary  if  distasteful  work"  of  repressing  mendicancy 
had  been  pushed  until  the  special  officer  could  report  that  ''the 
most  notorious  professional  beggars  and  tramps  are  noHv 
(September,  1886)  working  for  the  city";  the  investigation  of 
questionable  and  fraudulent  charitable  enterprises,  and  report- 
ing on  them  to  members  of  the  Society,  had  become  a  feature 
of  the  work ;  an  active  participation  in  efforts  to  secure  desir- 
able legislation  and  to  change  undesirable  conditions  had 
been  begun  by  joining  with  others  in  urging  the  legislature  to- 
enact  a  law  establishing  municipal  lodging-houses,  by  express- 
ing disapproval  of'  the  free  distribution  of  coal  by  the  city, 
and  by  securing  the  introduction  and  passage  of  bills  for  the 
suppression  of  stale  beer  dives  and  for  increasing  the  sen- 
tences, of  vagrants.  Two  gifts  of  ten  thousand  dollars  each- 
had  been  received  for  a  permanent  fund,  and  a  definite  stand- 
ing had  been  gained  in  the  city. 

The  first  instance  of  initiative  by  the  Society  in  supplying 
lacks  in  the  charitable  resources  of  the  city  was  the  open- 
ing of  the  Wood  Yard.  This  was  carried  on  directly  by  ihe 
Societ}^  for  two  years  and  then  transferred  to  a  newly-formed* 
organization,  from  which  the  Society  again  took  over  its  man- 


PROBLEMS  OF  THE  EARLY  YEARS  23 

agement  in  the  fall  of  1888.  Another  instance  of  the  same 
sort  of  initiative,  but  with  a  different  plan  of  action,  falls  with- 
in the  first  five  years.  Contact  with  poor  families  brought 
a  sense  of  the  need  for  a  place  to  which  women  could  take 
their  babies  for  a  day's  outing,  just  as  it  had  at  the  very  outset 
shown  the  necessity  for  providing  temporary  employment 
for  men  out  of  work,  and  early  in  the  summer  of  1886  a  con- 
ference was  called  by  the  general  secretary  to  consider  how 
this  need  could  be  met.  The  result  was  the  formation  of  an 
independent  committee,  of  representatives  from  the  Charity 
Organization  Society,  the  Children's  Aid  Society,  and  the 
New  York  Infirmary  for  Women  and  Children,  which  opened 
a  day  nursery  under  the  shadow  of  the  Statue  of  Liberty  on 
Bedloe's  Island.  Bartholdi  Creche,  as  it  was  called,  was  car- 
ried on  for  several  summers  as  the  guest  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment on  Bedloe's  Island,  later  of  the  state  and  city  on  Ward's 
and  Randall's  Islands,  and  in  1897  bought  a  permanent  home 
at  Edgewater,  New  Jersey.  Changed  in  name  to  indicate 
its  new  location,  Edgewater  Creche  is  now  one  of  the  well- 
known  fresh-air  institutions  of  the  city.  Charles  D.  Kellogg, 
its  founder,  is  still  its  treasurer  and  leading  spirit. 

After  the  work  of  registration  had  been  in  progress  about  a 
year  the  Committee  on  Co-operation  made  an  examination 
of  the  facts  reported  about  the  3,420  families  or  individuals 
who  had  been  helped  by  various  societies,  and  found  that  in 
about  three-fifths  of  the  cases  there  was  an  apparently  able- 
bodied  man  concerned.  The  committee  therefore  called  a 
conference  of  the  co-operating  societies  to  consider  these 
facts  and  "to  form  some  plan  by  which  the  harm  inadvertentA 
ly  done  by  undiscriminating  relief  may  in  the  future  bej 
avoided."  The  conference  resulted  in  the  adoption  of  a  resoJ 
lution  that  it  was  the  sense  of  those  present  "that  all  aid  given 
to  able-bodied  men  should  be  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  them 
to  find  permanent  employment,  in  or  out  of  the  city."  At  an 
adjourned  meeting  of  this  conference   (for  the  interest  in  the 


24  HISTORY 

subject  was  not  perfunctory)  the  suggestion  of  a  labor  bureau 
for  placing  men  in  the  country  was  rejected  for  this  reason; 
'It  is  an  undeniable  fact  that  a  wretched  life  in  the  worst  dis- 
trict of  the  city  has  more  attraction  to  the  greatest  number  of 
the  poor  applying  for  relief,  than  a  life  in  the  country,  where 
healthy  work  and  the  chance  of  permanent  improvement 
might  be  obtained.  It  must  be  recognized  that  the  charity 
associations  of  our  cities  have  to  deal  largely  with  such  poor, 
who  will  not  leave  the  city,  and  it  is  urgent  to  make  them  un- 
derstand that  they  are  required  to  depend  upon  work  for  their 
support,  if  not  in  the  country,  then  certainly  in  the  city."  The 
truth  of  this  observation  on  the  attractions  of  city  life  has 
only  been  confirmed  by  all  later  experiences.  A  free  employ- 
ment bureau  which  was  later  inaugurated  under  other  aus- 
pices was  discontinued  after  a  carefully  considered  experience. 
This  incident  is  mentioned  because  it  indicates  the  element- 
ary character  of  the  relief  problems  which  had  to  be  met  in 
the  early  days  and  the  uncom^promising  manner  in  which  they 
were  faced.  So  rapid  has  been  the  advance  of  recent  years 
both  in  methods  of  doing  relief  work  and  in  popular  appre- 
ciation of  the  importance  of  the  best  methods  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  reconstruct  adequately  the  difficulties  of  those  pioneer 
days.  It  was  necessary  not  only  to  try  to  persuade  all  kinds 
of  relief-givers  to  send  reports  but  also  to  bring  it  about  that 
those  reports  should  be  worth  recording,  and  to  work  out, 
through  pains  and  experiment,  a  satisfactory  system  of  re- 
cording and  making  accessible  the  information  received;  not 
only  to  gain  acceptance  for  the  idea  of  investigation  but  also 
to  build  up  an -ideal  of  what  an  investigation  should  be;  not 
only  to  conquer  the  popular  prejudice  against  paying  salaries 
for  the  performance  of  charitable  work  but  also  to  find  the 
people  who  would  be  worth  the  salary;  not  only  to  estab- 
lish the  principle  of  "adequate  relief"  but  also  to  determine  a 
standard  of  adequacy.  None  of  these  tasks  has  yet  been 
fully  accomplished.      We  are  still  improving  the  mechanical 


^iVERSr 


THE   UNITED   CHARITIES  BUILDING 


DIFFICULTIES    ENCOUNTERED  2$ 

side  of  our  registration  system  and  extending  its  usefulness ; 
each  year  we  set  a  higher  standard  for  what  an  investigation 
should  be ;  salaries  may  increase  or  decrease  with  changes  in 
economic  conditions;  and  "adequacy"  is  a  relative  term,  con- 
stantly expanding  with  increase  in  knowledge  and  resources. 

The  difficulty  of  getting  money  for  the  expenses  of  an  un- 
dertaking that  had  not  yet  had  time  to  prove  its  usefulness, 
from  a  public  which  believed  that  money  should  not  be  spent 
in  salaries  for  expert  advice  and  service,  but  that  all  chari- 
table contributions  should  be  given  to  the  poor  in  coal  and 
groceries  and  shoes,  was  one  of  the  serious  handicaps  of  the 
earlier  years.  The  strictest  economy  was  maintained  in  ex- 
penditure for  office  equipment.  All  the .  clerical  work  for 
the  first  five  years  was  done  by  hand;  the  first  typewriter 
was  bought  in  February,  1887,  under  a  special  authorization 
of  the  executive  committee.  An  item  of  expenditure  for  a 
Brussels  carpet  submitted  by  one  lavish  district  committee's 
account  was  "disallowed,  no  one  dissenting."  The  salaries 
of  district  agents  and  clerks  were  small,  and  the  entire  force 
seems  to  have  been  over-worked  most  of  the  time.  This  was 
not  due  any  more,  however,  to  lack  of  funds  than  to  a  lack 
of  suitable  persons  to  do  the  work  as  it  should  be  done.  The 
ntinutes  of  the  meetings  of  the  Committee  on  District  Work 
and  of  the  Executive  Committee  are  full  of  discLisions  as  to 
how  this  agent  can  be  relieved,  where  a  substitute  can  be 
found  for  another  who  is  ill,  the  necessity  for  paying  higher 
salaries,  and  for  having  persons  in  training  who  would  be 
ready  to  fill  vacancies. 

Demonstrations  of  the  evils  of  indiscriminate  relief  and  the 
detection  of  imposture  on  the  part  of  individuals  and  organ- 
izations were  a  prominent  feature  of  the  Society's  work,  as 
it  presented  itself  to  the  public,  in  these  early  years — per- 
haps naturally,  for  the  exposure  of  such  results  of  lack  of 
knowledge  as  would  rouse  the  indignation  was  the  most  ef- 
fective way  to  gain  adherence  for  a  method  whose  real  aim 


26  HISTORY. 

was  helpful  assistance  to  those  who  were  not  impostors. 
This  other  side  of  the  work  was  by  no  means  lost  sight  of  in 
the  internal  councils  of  the  Society.  The  Committee  on  Dis- 
trict Work  was  more  active  at  this  period  than  the  Commit- 
tee on  Mendicancy,  and  was  studying  records,  reviewing  the 
work  of  the  agents,  securing  and  training  friendly  visitors, 
and  formulating  principles  on  which  the  care  of  families 
should  proceed.  Although  the  building  up  of  a  body  of  vol- 
unteer visitors  was  not  one  of  the  specific  objects  of  the  So- 
ciety as  stated  in  its  constitution,  the  value  of  competent 
friendly  visitors  has  been  recognized  and  efforts  have  been 
made  to  secure  them.  These  efforts  were  most  persistent 
in  the  early,  years-  and  most  successful  in  the  Sixth,  Seventh, 
Eighth,  and  Ninth  Districts,  but  there  have  always  been 
smaller  groups  connected  with  the  other  districts  as  well.  It 
is  significant  in  this  connection  that  in  May,  1883,  the  Central 
Council  called  the  attention  of  district  committees  to  ''the 
favorable  opportunities  presented  by  the  next  six  months  for 
the  peculiar  work  of  the  Society,  the  permanent  improvement 
of  the  resident  poor."  This  was  at  a  time  when  the  reduc- 
tion in  applications  as  spring  came  on  was  attributed  to  ''the 
habit"  acquired  by  the  poor,  as  a  result  of  the  general  sus- 
pension of  work  during  the  summer  by  most  of  the  relief 
agencies  of  the  city,  "of  not  expecting  gratuitous  help  ex- 
cept during  the  colder  winter  months." 


ADVANCE    AND     GROWTH:     1888-1893 

The  year  1887  seems  to  close  the  formative  period.  It  is 
not  a  sharp  line;  but  by  this  time  the  fundamental  work  of 
registration,  investigation,  co-operation,  and  district  care  of 
dependent  families  was  well  under  way,'  and  precedents  had 
been  established  for  most  of  the  characteristic  work  of  later 
years.  It  was  in  1887  that  the  designation  of  the  executive 
officer  of  the  Society  was  changed  from  "organizing  secre- 
tary" to  "general  secretary." 

In  1888  Robert  W.  de  Forest  was  elected  president.  Mr. 
de  Forest  had  been  connected  with  the  Society  from  the  out- 
set, having  taken  part  in  the  organization  of  one  of  its  orig- 
inal district  committees,  and  brought  to  its  highest  office  sev- 
eral years'  experience  in  the  Central  Council  and  in  district 
committee  work.  His  twenty  years  of  administration  have 
been  characterized  by  broad  and  progressive  statesmanship. 
His  service  has  been  active  and  constant.  There  are  few 
questions  of  policy  in  the  decision  of  which  he  has  not  taken 
part,  and  each  step  in  advance  has  been  taken  with  his  ap- 
proval and  in  many  instances  on  his  initiative.  The  growth 
and  development  of  the  Society  owes  much  to  his  wisdom, 
devotion,  ability,  and  foresight. 

From  this  time  until  the  removal  to  the  United  Charities 
Building  in  1893  much  of  the  Society's  strength  was  given  to 
improving  the  details  of  administration,  increasing  efficiency 
in  the  work  already  initiated.  The  opening  of  a  district  office 
in  Harlem,  the  centralization  of  the  care  of  homeless  cases,  the 
appointment  of  a  superintendent  of  agents,  the  opening  of  a 
night  office,  the  financial  success  of  the  Wood  Yard  in  1890, 


28  •  HISTORY 

the  addition  of  a  door  boy  to  the  office  force,  and  the  increased 
use  of  telephone  and  typewriter,  are  a  succession  of  events 
of  which  each  has  its  significance.  But  by  far  the  greatest 
part  of  the  progress  which  was  now  taking  place  was  due 
not  to  events  which  can  be  recorded,  but  to  thoughtful  atten- 
tion to  routine  details,  resulting  in  improvement  in  clerical 
machinery  -and  in  the  organization  of  the  office  and  in  the 
personnel  of  the  stafif.  There  was  one  occasion  when 
the  intention  of  raising  the  standard  of  employes  was  made 
a  matter  of  resolution  by  the  Executive  Committee  and  the 
Central  Council,  but  for  the  most  part  this  was  accomplished 
by  patient  individual  treatment  rather  than  by  parliamentary 
methods.  The  district  committees  in  1889  requested  the  Ex- 
ecutive Committee  "to  consider  the  propriety  of  providing 
means  for  training  persons"  for  the  position  of  agent  and  as- 
sistant agent,  and  after  that  time  several  ''agents  in  training" 
were  generally  on  the  force.  There  was  evidently  a  feeling 
that  the  unpaid  workers  as  well  as  the  salaried  employes  were 
in  need  of  training,  for  in  1892  a  resolution  was  adopted  that 
all  new  members  of  district  committees  should  be  requested 
to  attend  four  lectures  on  the  principles  of  the  Society.  The 
Central  Auxiliary  Committee  of  Women,  organized  by  the 
Committee  on  District  Work  in  1887,  was  an  important  in- 
fluence in  securing  the  interest  of  women  in  the  Society's 
work.  For  several  years  it  conducted  parlor  conferences. 
It  fornted  auxiliary  committees  of  women  in  various  dis- 
tricts, took  the  initiative  in  the  organization  of  the  Eighth  Dis- 
trict Committee,  and  in  1888  instituted  the  monthly  confer- 
ences of  social  workers  which  have  been  carried  on  every 
year  since. 

Besides  the  improvement  in  work  already  under  way  sev- 
eral important  new  lines  of  work  were  inaugurated  during 
these  years.  The  first  of  these  was  the  Penny  Provident 
Fund.  "In  trying  to  inculcate  habits  of  providence,"  as  pre- 
scribed in  Object  6  of  the  Constitution,  "our  friendly  visitors 


SAVINGS,    LAUNDRY,     WAYFARERS     LODGE  29 

have  been  asked  to  receive  small  savings.  Inquiry  devel- 
oped the  fact  that  no  savings  bank  in  the  city,  with  but  a 
single  exception,  will  receive  deposits  of  less  than  a  dollar; 
and  thus  became  apparent  the  need  of  some  comprehensive 
scheme  for  encouraging  small  savings."  On  April  lo,  1888, 
Josephine  Shaw  Lowell  and  Otto  T.  Bannard  were  appoint- 
ed a  committee  to  consider  this  situation;  in  May  their  re- 
port led  the  Council  to  decide  to  establish  a  "One-Cent  Sav- 
ing Fund" ;  in  July  a  standing  committee  to  have  charge  of  it 
was  appointed;  and  on  August  i  the  Penny  Provident  Fund 
was  opened.  It  has  since  been  conducted  as  a  department  of 
the  Society,  by  the  Committee  on  Provident  Habits,  of  which 
Mr.  Bannard  has  been  chairman.  Stations  were  established 
i»  6ievf?r?il  nf  the  Hi.strirt  offirpSj  b-ut  their  piatrnn^gp  grew  sg 
in  several  district  offices,  but  their  patronage  grew  so  rapidly 
that  it  became  impossible  to  continue  to  accommodate  them. 

In  the  same  year  a  suggestion  was  made  by  the  Seventh 
District  Committee  that  a  laundry  and  training  school  should 
be  established,  to  provide  for  women  the  opportunity  for  tem- 
porary employment  which  the  Wood  Yard  offered  to  men, 
and  also  to  give  training  in  this  occupation  to  unskilled 
women.  In  February,  1889,  the  Laundry  was  opened,  at  589 
Park  Avenue,  from  which  location  it  was  removed  to  the  In- 
dustrial Building  in  1900. 

After  the  Municipal  Lodging  House  Act  of  1886  was 
passed  unremitting  efforts  were  made  by  all  who  were  inter- 
ested in  the  proper  treatment  of  homeless  men  to  secure  an 
amendment  making  it  mandatory  or  to  persuade  the  New 
York  City  authorities  to  take  advantage  of  the  permission 
which  had  been  given  them.  This  was  one  of  the  long  and 
tedious  fights.  When  it  had  gone  on  for  four  years  and 
there  was  no  encouragement  to  hope  for  a  successful  outcome 
in  the  nelr  future,  the  Society  decided  that  for  a  while  it 
would  have  to  do  this  part  of  the  city's  work.  The  financial 
stringency  preceding  the  crisis  of  '93  made  it  a  difficult  mat- 


30  HISTORY 

ter  to  get  the  necessary  capital,  and  so  the  Wayfarers'  Lodge 
was  three  years  in  developing  from  an  idea  into  a  reality. 
It  was  not  opened  until  near  the  end  of  1893,  but  the  land 
for  it,  on  West  Twenty-Eighth  Street,  was  bought  early  in 
the  year,  and  the  hardest  work  had  been  done  in  the  period 
under  discussion. 

In  1888  the  Society  called  a  conference  of  fresh-air  work- 
ers for  informal  discussion  of  their  problems ;  in  1889  it  pre- 
pared its  first  exhibit  for  a  world  exposition ;  and  in  1892  it 
maintained  a  playground  during  the  summer  on  vacant  lots 
in  West  Twenty-Eighth  Street. 

The  Park  Place  disaster,  which  occurred  in  the  summer  of 
1891,  was  the  occasion  of  the  Society's  first  experience  in 
emergency  relief,  a  kind  of  work  in  which  it  has  done  con- 
spicuous service  in  recent  years.  This  disaster  was  the  fall 
of  a  building  by  which  sixty-three  families  suffered  bereave- 
ment, the  victim  in  many  cases  being  the  head  of  the  family. 
It  is  an  indication  of  the  esteem  in  which  the  Society  was 
held  that  both  the  Mayor's  relief  committee  and  the  New 
York  Herald  requested  it  to  act  as  intermediary  in  distribut- 
ing the  funds  of  $30,000  and  $7,000  which  had  been  raised. 

During  these  years  the  Society  paid  special  attention  to 
the  immigration  problem.  It  was  a  time  when  there  was 
general  agitation  for  restriction,  especially  of  Italian  immi- 
gration. In  1887,  when  some  dozen  different  measures  were 
pending  in  Congress,  it  was  thought  advisable  to  appoint  a 
special  committee  to  study  the  situation,  recommend  what 
position  the  Society  should  take,  and  endeavor  to  secure  con- 
certed action  from  the  charity  organization  societies  of  the 
country.  The  appointment  of  the  "Ford  Committee"  by 
Congress,  and  its  investigations,  deferred  action,  but  in  1890 
a  report  was  made,  drawn  by  Professor  Richmond  Mayo- 
Smith.  This  report  recommended  a  conservative  position  as 
to  restriction  but  strict  measures  for  holding  steamship  com- 
panies responsible,  diplomatic  correspondence  with  the  Euro- 


IMMIGRATION,    THE    PROVIDENT    LOAN    SOCIETY  3I 

pean  governments,  and  a  trial  of  the  proposed  system  of  con- 
sular certificates.  Statistics  of  immigration  were  published 
for  several  years  as  an  appendix  to  the  annual  report.  That 
the  new  immigration,  however,  affected  the  work  of  the 
Society  only  slightly,  as  it  does  now,  was  clearly  recognized. 
Examination  of  all  the  applications  in  the  year  1887  showed 
that  only  six  per  cent  were  from  persons  who  had  been  less 
than  a  j^ear  in  the  country,  and  the  number  of  Italians  was 
almost  negligible.  The  proportion  of  Italians  has  of  course 
increased,  with  their  increase  in  the  general  population,  but 
it  is  still  true  that  comparatively  little  of  the  work  of  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  is  with  recent  immigrants. 

The  first  three  years'  experience  of  the  Tenth  District 
Committee  brought  about  the  organization  of  a  new  society 
in  January  of  1893.  The  Harlem  Relief  Society  was  formed 
by  several  members  of  that  committee,  to  provide  an  addi- 
tional source  of  relief  for  the  poor  of  the  northern  part  of 
Manhattan.  This  Society  has  from  the  beginning  disbursed 
its  funds,  amounting  now  to  more  than  a  thousand  dollars  a 
year,  through  the  Harlem  District  of  the  Charity  "Organiza- 
tion Society. 

In  this  period  also  were  made  the  plans  for  providing  the 
poor  with  facilities  for  borrowing  money  at  reasonable  rates 
upon  pledges  of  personal  property  which  resulted  in  the  in- 
corporation of  the  Provident  Loan  Society  in  1894.  The  in- 
justice of  the  prevailing  methods  in  the  pawnbrokerage  busi- 
ness were  constantly  forced  on  the  attention  by  individual 
instances  of  hardships,  and  in  March,  1892,  Alfred  Bishop 
Mason  suggested,  in  an  article  in  The  Charities  Review,  that 
"notwithstanding  the  danger  of  multiplying  societies  .... 
we  should  unite  as  pawnbrokers ;  lend  money  at  low  rates  on 
good  security  to  approved  borrowers  among  the  poor;  and  so 
divorce  the  three  golden  balls  from  the  three  Furies."  A 
special  committee  was  appointed  to  consider  this  suggestion 
— Charles  F.  Cox,  Alfred  Bishop  Mason,  and  Otto  T.   Ban- 


32  HISTORY 

nard — who  promptly  reported  that  they  had  reached  the  con- 
clusion that  it  was  "appropriate  and  wise"  for  the  Society  to 
undertake  this  and  outlined  a  plan  for  its  accomplishment. 
The  $100,000  which  was  suggested  as  the  capital  stock  was 
raised,  the  society  incorporated,  and  its  first  office  opened, 
within  two  years. 

Probably  no  one  concerned  in  the  wording  of  the  Charity 
Organization  Society's  constitution  visualized  a  pawn-shop, 
even  a  "humane"  one,  as  included  within  the  phrase  "to  pro- 
mote the  general  welfare  of  the  poor";  but  probably  also  no 
other  similar  expenditure  of  effort  has  done  so  much  in  ac- 
complishing this  object.  The  wisdom  in  the  plan  finds  its 
best  witness  in  the  corporation's  history.  Soon  after  the 
first  office  was  opened  two  of  the  largest  pawnbrokers  on  the 
lower  east  side  reduced  their  oppressive  rates  of  interest  to 
the  reasonable  one  charged  by  their  new  competitor.  At 
the  end  of  twelve  years  six  loaning  offices  are  maintained  and 
a  capital  of  about  five  millions  employed.  During  1906  nearly 
ten  million  dollars  was  loaned.  Although  this  "child  of  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  sprang  at  once  into  full  matur- 
ity as  an  independent  corporation"  a  continued  connection  is 
assured  by  the  provision  in  the  constitution  of  the  Provident 
Loan  Society  that  three  of  its  fifteen  trustees  shall  be  elected 
upon  the  nomination  of  the  Society  "which  originated  and 
furthered"  its  organization. 

One  more  important  beginning  was  made  in  the  old  office 
on  University  Place.  The  first  number  of  The  Charities 
Review  was  issued  in  November,  1891,  under  the  editorship 
of  John  H.  Finley,  then  general  secretary  of  the  State  Chari- 
ties Aid  Association.  This  did  not  replace  the  Monthly 
Bulletin,  which  was  continued  as  a  confidential  communica- 
tion to  members.  The  Review  was  designed,  in  the  words 
of  its  first  editorial,  "to  be  to  the  active  worker  in  the  field  of 
charities  what  the  scientific  medical  journal  is  to  the  physi- 
cian— a  review  of  the  results  of  the  study  and  experience  of 


CHARLES    D     KELLOGG 


THE    CHARITIES    REVIEW  33; 

others  in  the  same  line  of  activity";  and  also  "to  awaken  a 
deeper  public  interest  in  the  subjects  which  it  discusses  and 
to  give  a  wider  knowledge  of  the  principles  and  methods 
which  have  been  established  and  adopted  as  sound  and  wise." 
In  the  ten  years  of  its  existence  the  Review  published  many 
articles  of  permanent  value  and  served  as  a  "medium  for  the 
discussion  of  social  questions." 


INDUSTRIAL   DEPRESSION:  1893-1897 

After  the  removal  to  the  United  Charities  Building  the 
next  date  which  offers  a  convenient  dividing  line,  marking 
an  event  of  very  different  character,  is  January  i,  1898,  when 
the  Greater  New  York  charter  went  into  effect.  The  first 
part  of  this  period  was  of  necessity  chiefly  occupied  with 
meeting  the  extraordinary  situation  caused  by  the  crisis  of 
1893.  Comparatively  little  new  work  of  a  permanent  char- 
acter was  undertaken.  The  Wayfarers'  Lodge,  opened  for- 
tunately at  the  beginning  of  the  hard  winter,  and  the  Provi- 
dent Loan  Society  incorporated  at  the  end  of  it,  were  the 
fruition,  as  has  already  been  told,  of  earlier  plans. 

Soon  after  the  change  in  location  application  and  investi- 
gation bureaus  were  opened  in  the  United  Charities  Building, 
with  a  view  to  centralizing  the  personal  applications  for  as- 
sistance, especially  for  homeless  persons,  as  far  as  practi- 
cable, in  order  that  consultation  of  records  and  investigation 
might  be  made  more  promptly.  About  the  same  time  a  com- 
mittee was  formed  and  an  office  opened  in  the  territory  lying 
west  of  Central  Park,  completing  the  extension  of  the  dis- 
trict organization  over  the  whole  of  Manhattan.  With  its 
new  quarters,  therefore,  and  these  developments  in  efficiency, 
the  Society  was  better  equipped  to  meet  the  imminent  strain 
than  it  had  ever  been  before. 

Before  the  end  of  the  summer  the  industrial  depression 
had  begun.  Applications  for  help  increased  fast,  and  lack 
of  work  was  conspicuous,  even  while  the  ordinary  type  of 
unemployed  citizen  was  still  in  Chicago  enjoying  his  per- 
quisites at  the  Columbian  Exposition.      In  September  a  con- 


THE     HARD    WINTER  OF     1893-4  35 

ference  was  held,  on  invitation  of  the  Charity  Organization 
Society,  at  which  seventeen  of  the  leading  relief  societies 
united  in  a  statement  given  to  the  public  through  the  press, 
forecasting  the  probable  demands  of  the  winter  and  urging 
"the  charitably  disposed"  to  make  their  gifts  through  the  es- 
tablished charities  of  the  city  rather  than  by  the  indiscrim- 
inate alms  which  would  "inevitably  tend  to  pauperize  the  re- 
cipients, as  well  as  to  attract  to  the  city  an  army  of  vagrants, 
in  addition  to  numbers  of  the  unemployed  of  other  places." 
Events  of  the  winter  prove  the  wisdom  of  this  warning. 
Much  indiscriminate  relief  was  given,  by  individuals  and  by 
ephemeral  organizations  of  a  sensational  character,  with  the 
results  prophesied ;  and  with  the  further  effect  of  multiplying 
the  difficulties  of  the  established  charities  and  the  wisely-con- 
ceived temporary  enterprises,  such  as  the  East  Side  Relief 
Work  Committee,  in  supplying  the  very  great  amount  of  real 
need  and  supplying  it  in  such  a  way  that  it  would  leave  behind 
no  trail  of  chronic  pauperism. 

The  Charity  Organization  Society's  contributions,  as  an 
organization,  to  the  emergency  work  included,  in  addition  to 
the  September  conference  and  a  widely  distributed  circular, 
"How  to  Relieve  Emergent  Distress,"  a  very  material  increase 
in  its  own  office  force,  seven  assistants  being  added  in  the 
Central  Office  and  one  in  each  district ;  the  establishment  of 
an  "Emergent  Relief  Guarantee",  a  fund  to  which  $2,275  was 
pledged  for  the  benefit  of  applicants  to  the  Society  for  whom 
adequate  and  suitable  assistance  could  not  be  obtained  from 
the  usual  charitable  agencies;  the  utilization  of  the  Laundry 
and  Wood  Yard  and  the  newly  opened  Wayfarers'  Lodge  to 
the  limit  of  their  capacity;  the  establishment  of  a  Night  Ap- 
plication Office,  in  conjunction  with  the  Association  for  Im- 
proving the  Condition  of  the  Poor;  and  the  opening  of  the 
Workroom  for  Unskilled  Women.  The  joint  night  office  has 
become  a  permanent  feature,  and  the  Workroom  was  main- 
tained for  ten  years.     Neither  of  these  was  begun  as  an  emer- 


36  HISTORY 

gency  measure,  but  they  were  peculiarly  useful  during  the 
hard  times.  The  successful  experiment  in  reducing  the  number 
of  police  station  lodgers,  which  was  tried  on  suggestion  of 
the  Society  in  January  of  1894,  was  also  opportune.  For 
several  weeks  all  such  lodgers  were  regularly  taken  to  court 
each  morning  and  committed  to  the  Commissioners  of  Chari- 
ties and  Correction  for  such  treatment  as  the  circumstances  of 
each  required,  with  the  result  of  greatly  reducing  the  number 
of  "rounders"  and  controlling  temporarily  this  form  of  indis- 
criminate relief. 

Another  experiment,  tried  about  the  same  time,  was  a 
weekly  course  of  twelve  lectures  on  practical  social  problems, 
"for  the  instruction  of  m,embers  of  the  Society  and  others,'' 
conducted  by  the  Committee  on  District  Work.  This  was  less 
successful,  for  it  is  recorded  that,  although  the  speakers  were 
"recognized  specialists,"  nevertheless  "the  attendance  was  too 
small  to  encourage  a  repetition"  of  the  course.  The  success- 
ful development  of  subsequent  educational  efforts  mitigates 
the  poignancy  of  this  admission. 

It  is  interesting  that  at  the  end  of  this  hard  winter  of 
struggle  to  help  individual  cases  of  want  a  discussion  was  had 
in  the  Central  Council  on  the  need  for  an  inquiry  into  "the 
increasing  evils  of  a  congested  city  population,  co-existing 
with  the  want  in  the  country  of  men  and  women  to  do  farm 
and  housework",  and  the  Citizens'  Relief  Committee  was 
asked  to  consider  the  advisability  of  using  their  surplus  in 
employing  "an  expert"  to  make  such  an  inquiry. 

The  opening  of  the  office  of  the  Provident  Loan  Society 
and  the  introduction  of  the  Penny  Provident  Fund  into  the 
public  schools  were  two  cheerful  events  of  this  spring.  Men- 
tion of  a  third  may  bring  to  a  close  the  account  of  this  event- 
ful winter.  A  plan  of  co-operation  with  Columbia  College 
was  made,  whereby  university  instruction  in  sociology  was 
to  be  combined  with  practical  training  in  statistics  and  "field 
work,"  the  records  and  district  work  of  the  Societv  to  furni<;h 


CHANGE  IN  EXECUTIVE  OFFICER  37 

the  material  for  study  and  experience.  A  Committee  on  Sta- 
tistics was  appointed,  whose  chairman  was  one  of  the  Colum- 
bia professors,  to  direct  the  studies  that  should  be  made.  The 
president  and  faculty  of  Political  Science  of  the  College  were 
given  the  privilege  of  nominating  a  member  of  the  Central 
Council  of  the  Society.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the  alli- 
ance that  is  now  firmly  established  by  means  of  the  School 
of  Philanthropy  and  the  Columbia  University  department  of 
Social  Economy.  The  first  study  undertaken  was  of  the 
records  of  five  hundred  homeless  men. 

A  local  conference  of  charities,  which  had  a  perceptible 
influence  in  increasing  co-operation  during  the  next  few 
years,  was  organized  in  the  fall  of  1894.  One  of  its  first  acts 
reflected  the  urgent  problem  presented  at  the  time  by  the  in- 
flation of  the  homeless  population.  A  leaflet  on  "How  to 
Help  Homeless  People"  was  issued  as  the  consensus  of  seven- 
teen leading  societies.  Its  distribution  by  many  thousands 
of  copies  was  believed  to  have  been  of  service  in  "checking 
the  sturdy  beggar." 

The  year  1895  was  marked  by  the  opening  of  a  district 
in  the  Bronx,  thus  providing  for  the  district  care  of  the  poor 
in  their  homes  throughout  the  entire  city  as  it  was  then  con- 
stituted, and  by  an  extension  of  co-operation  with  the  Asso- 
ciation for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor.  A  single 
joint  application  bureau  was  established,  on  the  same  prin- 
ciple as  the  joint  night  ofiice  which  had  been  maintained 
for  eighteen  months;  and  at  the  same  time  the  registration 
bureau  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society  was  opened  to  the 
Association,  thus  securing  to  both  societies  the  advantages 
of  consolidated  case  records. 

The  only  change  in  the  ofiice  of  general  secretary  took 
place  in  1896.  On  January  i  Mr.  Kellogg  retired,  continu- 
ing, however,  in  active  connection  with  the  Society  until  1900, 
in  the  office  of  second  vice-president.  Edward  T.  Devine, 
his  successor,  began  work  on  September  i.      During  the  in- 


38  HISTORY 

terval  of  nine  months  George  L.  Cheney  of  the  Central  Coun- 
cil performed  the  necessary  duties  of  the  office,  much  of  the 
responsibility  for  routine  administration  falling  as  for  several 
years  previously  upon  the  Superintendent,  Robert  W.  Heb- 
berd,  who  resigned  from  this  position  in  the  autumn  of  1896 
to  accept  the  secretaryship  of  the  State  Board  of  Charities. 

This  transition  in  the  internal  administration  of  the  So- 
ciety coincided  with  a  period  of  re-organization  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  charitable  affairs  of  the  city.  In  the 
years  1896  and  1897  the  system  of  state  care  for  the  insane 
was  completed,  the  poor  laws  of  the  state  were  revised  and 
made  more  nearly  uniform,  the  separation  of  public  charities 
from  correction  was  achieved  in  New  York  City,  the  influ- 
ence of  the  State  Board  of  Charities  was  much  extended,  a 
municipal  lodging  house  was  finally  established;  and  Mayor 
Strong's  reform  administration  brought  in  public  officials 
who,  "unlike  many  of  their  predecessors  ....  left  their  pri- 
vate business  and  devoted  their  time  to  the  institutions  under 
their  charge",  with  the  results  that  the  streets  were  kept  clean, 
the  health  and  building  departments  exercised  greater  vigil- 
ance, the  laying  out  of  small  parks  was  pushed,  plans  were 
made'  for  public  baths,  and  every  effort  was  made  to  help, 
rather  than  to  obstruct,  private  philanthropic  activities,  which 
were  correspondingly  stimulated.  Many  of  these  and  other 
reforms  were  primarily  due  to  persistent  efforts  of  voluntary 
associations. 

At  the  same  time  there  developed  a  formidable  movement 
for  extending  out-door  relief  by  the  city:  first  in  an  attempt 
to  secure  an  increase  in  the  appropriation  for  free  coal ;  then 
in  efforts  to  have  certain  undesirable  provisions  included  in 
the  new  charter  in  process  of  construction ;  and  then  in  an 
objectionable  measure,  introduced  in  three  successive  legis- 
latures, whose  object  was  to  substitute  payment  to  parents 
for  payment  to  institutions  in  the  case  of  children  whose  par- 
ents were  unable  to  provide  for  them.      Public  out-door  relief 


A    PERIOD    OF    REFORMS  39 

was  prohibited  by  the  Greater  New  York  charter,  except  for 
the  anomalous  pension  to  the  poor  adult  blind ;  and  it  may  be 
mentioned  here  that  subsequent  efforts,  after  the  charter 
went  into  effect,  to  restore  the  city  distribution  of  coal  and 
to  create  a  local  Board  of  Charities  in  Queens  Borough  with 
the  power  to  give  out-door  relief,  were,  at  some  pains,  de- 
feated, largely  by  the  joint  efforts  of  the  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Society  and  other  charitable  agencies.  The  "Destitute 
Mothers'  bill,"  or  "Shiftless  Fathers'  bill,"  as  it  was  more  ap- 
propriately called  by  its  opponents,  was  a  lusty  foe.  Only 
the  mayor's  veto  kept  it  from  becoming  a  law  in  1896,  but  in 
each  of  its  re-appearances  it  was  defeated  in  the  legislature. 
As  if  to  emphasize  the  wave  of  advance,  in  1898  the  Na- 
tional Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction  was  held  in 
New  York  City. 


EXPANSION:  1898-1907 

Following  this  transition  period  the  social  work  of  the 
■city  entered  on  a  new  era,  unprecedented  for  richness  and 
vigor,  in  which  the  Charity  Organization  Society  has  shared 
and  to  which  it  has  constantly  contributed.  The  last  decade 
of  the  Society's  history  have  been  years  of  remarkable  and 
steady  growth  in  strength  and  influence. 

The  first  indications  of  expansion  are  found  in  well-estab- 
lished features  of  the  work.  The  Charities  Directory  was 
enlarged  to  include  information  about  all  the  territofy  within 
the  bounds  of  the  greater  city ;  The  Charities  Review  was  "re- 
organized, enlarged,  and  improved";  Charities  was  begun,  as 
a  monthly  news  sheet  for  members ;  the  Library  was  enlarged 
and  catalogued;  a  special  agent  was  employed  to  take  charge 
•of  the  confidential  reports  on  charitable  enterprises;  and 
the  district  work  was  strengthened  by  the  addition  of  several 
assistants,  the  almost  exclusive  attention  of  the  assistant  sec- 
retary to  this  part  of  the  work,  and  such  improvement  in 
equipment  as  the  installation  of  telephone  service  in  all  of  the 
offices  and  a  lengthening  of  the  period  in  which  offices  are 
daily  open  to  the  public. 

An  incident  with  more  than  one  instructive  feature  opened 
the  year  1898.  The  city,  over-looking  the  fact  that  the  new 
charter  authorized  no  out-door  relief  except  the  pension  to 
the  blind,  set  in  motion  its  usual  machinery  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  city  coal.  One  thousand  families  were  supplied  with 
their  half-ton  each  and  twenty-four  hundred  others  had 
been  given  orders  before  the  illegality  was  discovered.  The 
•distribution  in  progress  was  promptly  discontinued,  but  bills 


JOHN    S.    KENNEDY 


DISCONTINUANCE    OF    CITY    COAL  4I 

were  also  introduced  into  the  legislature  to  restore  the  power, 
and  they  were  quickly  advanced  to  the  third  reading.  Prompt 
and  vigorous  action  by  the  Charity  Organization  Society,  the 
Asociation  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor,  and  the 
State  Charities  Aid  Association  won  the  sympathy  of  the 
state  senate,  whose  committee  expressed  its  accord  with 
organized  charity  by  reporting  the  bills  adversely.  To  avert 
the  hardships  which  were  popularly  expected  to  result  from 
the  sudden  discontinuance  of  the  city's  bounty  the  Charity 
Organization  Society  offered  to  investigate  all  of  the  twenty- 
four  hundred  applications  which  had  received  the  favorable 
consideration  of  the  Department  and  to  see  that  coal  was  sup- 
plied to  those  who  needed  it.  The  Association  for  Improving 
the  Condition  of  the  Poor  supplemented  this  by  agreeing  to 
supply  coal  to  families  recommended  by  the  Charity  Organi- 
zation Society.  A  statement  of  the  methods  followed  and 
the  facts  disclosed  by  the  investigations  was  a  unique  demon- 
stration that  the  need  for  coal  could  be  easily  met,  and  that 
more  promptly  and  more  kindly,  from  the  ordinary  resources 
of  private  charity. 

Opposition  to  the  other  prominent  legislative  measure  of 
tlie  season  led  to  the  establishment  by  the  Society  of  a  new 
department  which  developed  into  great  importance  in  the 
next  few  years.  The  popular  appeal  of  the  "Ahearn  bill",  for 
making  payments  to  parents  who  would  keep  their  children 
at  home  instead  of  sending  them  to  an  institution,  rested  on 
the  sound  principle  that  families  should  be  kept  together  when 
the  only  reason  for  not  doing  so  is  a  deficiency  in  the  income, 
and  on  the  fact  that  private  charity  was  not  at  the  time  acting 
on  this  principle  to  the  extent  that  it  should.  There  were 
hardships  in  the  existing  system.  The  situation  having  been 
called  to  notice  by  the  proposal  of  legislation  involving  even 
more  serious  evils,  it  was  immediately  apparent  that  this  was 
a  problem  to  be  solved  by  the  Charity  Organization  Society. 
It  was  a  problem  in  co-operation :  at  first  with  the  City  Magis- 


42  HISTORY 

trates,  for  at  that  time  application  for  the  commitment  of 
children  to  institutions  had  to  be  made  in  the  police  courts, 
where  the  children  were  arraigned  in  company  with  all  sorts 
of  criminals  and  by  the  same  methods  as  criminals ;  later  with 
the  Department  of  Public  Charities  and  relief  agencies. 

The  Department  of  Public  Charities  readily  gave  permis- 
sion to  the  Society  to  examine  the  applications  pending  for 
the  commitment  of  children,  and  to  select  for  treatment  in  its 
own  way  cases  in  which  it  seemed  probable  that  private  as- 
sistance in  the  home  would  make  its  dismemberment  unnec- 
essary. By  the  usual  methods  of  organized  charity  the  re- 
quired private  assistance  was  obtained  from  friends,  relatives, 
neighbors,  employers,  or,  failing  these,  from  strangers  or  re- 
lief societies.  A  brief  experimental  period  proved  the  value 
of  this  undertaking  and  a  standing  committee  was  appointed, 
on  which  the  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Society,  the  United  Hebrew 
Charities,  and  the  State  Charities  Aid  Association  were  rep- 
resented. In  its  first  year  of  work  the  Committee  by  these 
methods  saved  496  children  from  institutions,  representing 
about  one-third  of  all  the  applications  examined. 

Out  of  this  specialized  attention  to  families  unable  to  sup- 
port their  children  grew  a  realization,  gradually,  that  the  par- 
ents, especially  fathers,  who  are  simply  desirous  of  escaping 
from  their  natural  responsibilities,  are  numerous  enough  to 
constitute  a  distinct  problem  in  both  charity  and  correction. 
The  interest  in  the  problem  of  desertion,  thus  aroused,  grew 
steadily.  In  the  spring  of  1903  a  conference  on  the  subject 
was  held  at  which  workers  from  Buffalo,  Philadelphia,  Brook- 
lyn, New  York,  and  near-by  New  Jersey  towns  exchanged 
opinions  as  to  the  causes  and  remedies.  As  a  result  of  this  con- 
ference interest  was  stimulated  in  many  parts  of  the  country. 
In  New  York  a  more  stringent  law  was  secured,  and  a  study 
was  undertaken  by  the  Charity  Organization  Society  of  the 
facts  in  a  large  number  of  desertion  cases.  This  study,  to- 
gether with  a  review  of  the  legislation  in  the  different  states 


THE  COMMITTEE  ON  DEPENDENT  CHILDREN  43 

relating  to  family  desertion  and  non-support,  has  been  pub- 
lished by  the  Society  in  a  volume  which  constitutes  the  chief 
authority  on  the  subject. 

After  five  years  of  activity  the  Committeie  on  Dependent 
Children  found  that  the  situation  had  changed  to  such  a  de- 
gree that  its  services  were  no  longer  needed.  A  separate 
Bureau  of  Dependent  Children  had  been  established  to  take 
the  place  of  the  police  courts  and  the  office  of  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Out-door  Poor  in  the  matters  relating  to  desti- 
tute children,  and  even  for  delinquent  children  a  special  court 
had  been  created.  A  corps  of  examiners  was  employed  by  the 
new  Bureau,  whose  ideals  of  investigation  and  discrimina- 
tion in  decisions  approached  those  of  the  Society's  agents. 
The  Catholic  Home  Bureau  had  been  established  to  assist  the 
city  in  finding  homes  for  children  of  Roman  Catholic  parent- 
age; and  the  United  Hebrew  Charities  and  the  Society  of  St. 
Vincent  de  Paul  were  receiving  directly  from  the  Bureau  of 
Dependent  Children  cases  suitable  for  their  care,  which  had 
formerly  reached  them  through  the  intermedia.tion  of  the  So- 
ciety's Committee.  In  short,  families  in  which  commitment 
was  probably  undesirable  were  referred  by  the  city  to  the 
proper  agency,  and  these  proper  agencies  did  what  was  nec- 
essary. The  special  committee  therefore  was  left  with  noth- 
ing to  do  except  to  provide  assistance  for  the  families  which 
would  naturally  come  under  the  care  of  the  Charity  Organi- 
zation Society.  By  the  successful  demonstration  of  what 
might  be  done  the  adoption  of  an  approved  method  had  been 
secured  from  all  concerned,  so  that  the  specialized  work  for 
dependent  children  did  not  prove  to  be  the  permanent  depart- 
ment it  was  looked  upon  at  first.  The  purpose  for  which 
it  had  been  undertaken  had  been  accomplished  and  the  Com- 
mittee was  accordingly  dissolved,  the  families  under  its 
charge  being  distributed  among  the  districts,  where  their  care 
was  continued  on  the  same  principles. 


^\  \.  HISTORY 

In  the  summer  of  1898,  to  go  back  to  the  time  when  the 
special  work  for  children  originated,  another  beginning  was 
made  to  meet  a  need  which  could  not  be  satisfied  by  a  demon- 
stration of  method  but  has  required  ever  increasing  provision. 
The  first  "training  class  in  applied  philanthropy"  was  opened 
on  June  20  and  continued  for  six  weeks  under  the  immediate 
-direction  of  the  assistant  secretary,  Philip  W.  Ayres.  Grow- 
ing out  of  the  difficulty  experienced  by  the  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Society,  in  common  with  all  organizations  with  a  high 
standard,  to  find  properly  qualified  persons  to  do  social  work, 
it  has  grown  into  a  professional  school  which  has  the  same 
place  for  the  social  worker  as  the  school  of  medicine  or  law 
or  theology  has  for  the  physician  or  lawyer  or  clergyman.  It 
is  interesting  that  the  first  standing  committee  on  Philan- 
thropic Education  included  the  present  directors  of  both  the 
New  York  School  of  Philanthropy  and  the  Boston  School  for 
Social  Workers.  The  report  of  the  Central  Council  thus 
describes  the  future  expected  from  this  experiment:  "It 
is  hoped  that  from  this  beginning  a  plan  of  professional 
training  in  applied  philanthropy  may  be  developed  which  will 
raise  the  standard  of  qualification  and  of  usefulness  through- 
out the  entire  field  of  charitable  work.  The  Society  cherishes 
the  conviction  that  important  results  to  the  philanthropic 
-work  not  only  of  New  York  and  vicinity,  but  also  of  the  coun- 
try at  large,  would  follow  the  endowment  of  a  school  to  which 
the  best  minds  would  be  attracted,  and  from  which  special- 
ists in  the  various  forms  of  charitable  and  correctional  work 
•could  be  entered  successfully  upon  their  respective  careers." 

For  six  years  the  summer  class  was  held,  each  year  add- 
ing testimony  to  its  value  and  its  inadequacy.  Then  in  the 
winter  of  1903-04  an  afternoon  course  was  given,  attended 
chiefly  by  employes  of  New  York  organizations.  The  next 
year  a  sufficient  sum  was  raised  to  provide  for  a  full  course  of 
instruction  requiring  the  entire  time  of  its  students,  and  soon 
after  the  beginning  of  the  academic  year  John  S.  Kennedy's 


PROFESSIONAL  TRAINING,   HOUSING  REFORM  45 

endowment  of  $250,000  established  the  School  on  a  permanent 
basis  and  made  easy  the  .expansion  which  was  inevitable. 
This  action  by  Mr.  Kennedy  takes  rank  with  his  erection  of 
the  United  Charities  Building.  No  other  two  gifts  have  up 
to  the  present  time  accomplished  so  much  to  increase  the 
effectiveness  of  philanthropic  efforts  in  New  York  and  to  raise 
the  standard  of  efficiency  in  social  work  all  over  the  country. 

A  third  new  undertaking  in  the  year  1898  was  destined 
to  a  remarkable  development.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Executive 
Committee  in  April,  Lawrence  Veiller  presented  a  plan  for 
the  formation  of  a  tenement  house  society  which  should  seek 
to  improve  housing  conditions  in  this  city  by  "securing  the 
enforcement  of  the  existing  laws  relating  to  tenement  houses; 
by  presenting  united  opposition  to  bad  legislation  arising 
either  at  Albany  or  locally ;  by  obtaining  such  new  and  rem- 
edial legislation  as  might  be  necessary ;  and  by  making  a  gen- 
eral study  of  the  tenement  house  question."  The  plan  as 
originally  presented  by  him  contemplated  the  formation  of  a 
new  and  separate  society,  to  devote  itself  permanently  to 
the  cause  of  housing  reform,  although,  as  he  then  pointed 
out,  ''this  would  not  be  starting  a  new  society  so 
much  as  it  would  be  centralizing  the  work  of  existing 
societies  upon  a  part  of  their  legitimate  work  which  in 
the  past  they  have  been  compelled  to  neglect."  After  care- 
ful consideration  the  Executive  Committee  concluded  that  it 
was  desirable  to  undertake  this  work  and  that  it  could  be 
profitably  done  by  the  Society  rather  than  by  the  formation 
of  a  new  organization.  In  December  accordingly  the  Tene- 
ment House  Committee  was  appointed. 

How  this  Committee  organized  a  campaign  of  investiga- 
tion of  conditions  and  education  of  the  public  in  regard  to 
them  which  has  become  a  classic  model ;  the  exhibition  it  held 
which  has  influenced  the  character  of  effective  educational 
effort  since,  and  secured  the  appointment,  by  Theodore  Roose- 
velt,   then    governor    of    New    York,    of    a    commission    which 


46  HISTORY 

drafted  and  put  through  the  new  law  ensuring  an  irreduc- 
ible minimum  of  light,  air,  cleanliness,  and  decency;  how  a 
wave  of  housing  reform  was  put  in  motion  all  over  the  coun- 
try; and  the  part  played  in  all  this  by  Robert  W.  de  Forest, 
chairman  of  the  Society's  committee  and  of  the  state  commis- 
sion and  first  commissioner  of  the  unique  city  department 
created  by  the  n-ew  law,  and  by  Lawrence  Veiller,  secretary 
of  both  committee  and  commission  and  first  deputy  commis- 
sioner of  the  Tenement  House  Department  —  all  this  story 
has  been  told  so  well  and  so  frequently  that  it  needs  only  to 
be  mentioned  here.  It  is  one  of  the  dramatic  chapters  in  the 
annals  of  social  advance,  and  one  of  the  signal  successes  of 
the  Charity  Organization  Society. 

Probably  as  great  a  contribution  as  any  that  has  been 
made  to  the  cause  of  social  advance  and  housing  reform,  has 
been  the  permanency  of  the  Society's  work:  the  holding  to- 
gether of  its  Committee  as  a  permanent  organization,  contin- 
uously moving  for  better  housing  conditions,  stimulating  pub- 
lic officials  to  progressive  and  efficient  administration,  cor- 
recting abuses  in  the  administration  of  the  laws,  weighing 
from  time  to  time  the  adequacy  of  the  statutes  to  deal  with 
changing  conditions  and  taking  the  lead  in  urging  new  legis- 
lation where  necessary,  preventing  the  weakening  of  the 
law  in  warding  off  the  constant  attacks  made  on  it  by  selfish 
interests,  and  continually  carrying  on,  not  only  in  New  York 
alone,  but  throughout  the  entire  country,  a  campaign  of  edu- 
cation as  to  the  importance  and  necessity  of  housing  reform 
as  the  fundamental  basis  of  the  improvement  of  social  and 
living  conditions. 

Clearly  the  Central  Council  was  not  speaking  with  undue 
confidence  in  the  outcome  of  the  new  work  set  on  foot  when 
it  characterized  the  year  1898-9  as  "one  of  the  most  active 
and  fruitful  years"  in  the  Society's  history.  It  is  significant, 
too,  that  a  similar  phrase  is  necessarily  used  in  regard  to 
nearly  all  of  the  succeeding  years. 


PREVENTION  OF  TUBERCULOSIS  47 

In  the  midst  of  all  this  germinal  effervescence  of  1898  one 
of  the  established  activities  was  discontinued,  for  reasons 
which  afford  as  strong  evidence  of  vitality  as  any  of  the  new 
undertakings.  The  Wayfarers'  Lodge,  opened  in  1893,  in 
default  of  proper  provision  by  the  city,  was  closed,  "having 
fulfilled  its  purpose  by  leading  to  the  establishment  of  a  free 
municipal  lodging  house."  The  Society's  Lodge  had  been  an 
admirable  object  lesson,  with  its  hundred  clean  beds,  disin- 
fection of  clothing,  isolation  rooms  for  sickness,  nutritious 
food,  reading  room,  kindly  discipline,  and  the  shower  baths, 
which,  though  compulsory,  were  found  to  be  gratefully  appre- 
ciated rather  than  submitted  to  perforce.  It  had  provided 
sixty  thousand  lodgings  during  the  five  winters  of  its  exist- 
ence, and  had  been  effective  in  checking  the  deterioration  with 
which  homeless  men  were  threatened  and  in  starting  many  of 
them  in  the  direction  of  self-respect  and  independence. 

Much  of  the  work  of  the  following  years  has  been  antici- 
pated in  this  account  of  1898,  but  each  year  has  also  seen 
new  interests  and  activities  develop. 

Participation  in  work  for  the  control  of  tuberculosis  began 
in  1899  by  the  advocacy  of  the  bill  pending  before  the  state 
legislature  for  establishing  a  hospital  for  consumptives  in  the 
Adirondacks.  Two  pages  in  the  annual  report  for  the  follow- 
ing year  indicate  the  growing  interest  in  this  problem,  and 
lead  to  the  announcement  in  1902  that  a  standing  committee 
on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  had  been  appointed.  Long 
before  the  State  Hospital  was  opened  this  committee  had  be- 
come one  of  the  strong  influences  in  the  city.  At  the  present 
time  it  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  and  most  important 
features  of  the  Society's  work. 

An  opportunity  of  an  unusual  sort  to  influence  the  admin- 
istration of  public  funds  presented  itself  in  the  summer  of 
1899  in  the  shape  of  a  request  from  the  city  comptroller  that 
the  Society  suggest  reforms  in  the  methods  of  appropriating 
public    moneys   to   private   charities.    A   carefully-considered 


4^  HISTORY 

report  was  made,  recommending  the  per  capita  per  diem  plan 
as  a  measure  of  payment  and  several  other  principles  of  pro- 
cedure which  were  later  embodied  in  rules  adopted  by  the 
Board  of  Estimate  and  Apportionment. 

Until  1899  the  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition 
of  the  Poor  had  provided  temporary  relief  for  cases  under  the 
care  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society  when  requested  to 
do  so.  In  May  of  that  year,  when  this  form  of  co-operation 
was  discontinued,  friends  of  the  Society  organized  informally 
the  Provident  Relief  Fund  to  provide  a  substitute  for  the 
source  of  relief  thus  withdrawn. 

In  1900  the  industrial  branches  of  the  Society's  work  were 
brought  together  in  the  old  Wayfarers'  Lodge,  renamed  the 
Industrial  Building.  The  tenement  house  exhibit,  the  ap- 
pointment of  the  tenement  house  commission,  and  the  first 
New  York  State  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction,  were 
the  conspicuous  events  of  the  year.  In  December  the  So- 
ciety was  requested  by  the  New  York  Evening  World  to  dis- 
tribute for  it  a  thousand  Christmas  dinners.  In  several  suc- 
ceeding years  similar  assistance  was  rendered  to  the  World 
and  the  American  in  placing  their  Christmas  courtesies  unos- 
tentatiously where  they  were  needed,  by  methods  involving 
no  humiliation  to  the  recipients. 

An  excursion  into  the  field  of  correction  which  was  made 
in  1901  deserves  mention.  A  woman  probation  officer  was 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  one  of  the  magistrate's  courts,  and 
later  of  the  children's  part  of  the  court  of  Special  Ses- 
sions, to  demonstrate  the  necessity  for  adding  probation  offi- 
cers in  adequate  numbers  to  the  machinery  for  the  adminis- 
tration of  justice. 

In  1902  the  mendicancy  department  was  re-organized  on 
a  more  comprehensive  and  more  effective  plan,  which  within 
four  years  succeeded  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the 
city,  or  of  any  great  city,  in  dealing  adequately  with  the  prob- 
lem of  mendicancy.    The  plan  involved  co-operation  by  the 


UNIVERSITY 


OF 


o  -5 

J  e 

w  s 

o 


PROBATION,   MENDICANCY,   COAL  FAMINE  49 

Police  Department,  which  was  withdrawn  in  1906,  and  thus 
far  no  effective  alternative  has  been  put  into  operation.  The 
fuel  famine  of  the  winter  1902-3,  caused  by  the  strike  in  the* 
anthracite  coal  region  of  Pennsylvania,  brought  hardship  to 
all  in  the  city.  To  prevent  suffering  among  those  who  ob- 
tain their  fuel  from  charitable  agencies  and  among  those  who 
buy  it  in  small  quantities,  arrangements  were  made  with  the 
large  anthracite  coal  companies  to  supply  to  responsible  deal- 
ers a  large  part  of  the  coal  brought  to  the  city,  on  the  under- 
standing that  they  would  sell  full  measure  by  the  pail  at  a 
reasonable  rate,  to  all  who  applied  at  their  yards,  and  arrange- 
ments were  also  made  in  the  interest  of  the  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Society  to  purchase  a  large  amount  of  coal  for  distribu- 
tion to  charitable  agencies  which  should  place  their  orders 
through  the  Charity  Organization  Society.  The  Society  alsa 
made  and  published  investigations  concerning  substitutes 
for  coal,  and,  in  co-operation  with  the  Street  Cleaning 
Department,  supervised  the  distribution  of  the  wood  brought 
to  the  city's  thirteen  dumps  to  those  who  were  willing  to- 
come  and  break  it  up.  The  bill  introduced  for  the  free  dis- 
tribution of  coal  by  the  city  was  vigorously  opposed  and  de- 
feated. 

The  Committee  on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  began 
work  in  the  fall  of  1902,  on  the  plan  outlined  at  its  first  meet- 
ing the  preceding  June,  which  has  proved  as  far-sighted  as  the 
Society's  constitution.  The  program  had  four  divisions : 
research  into  the  social  aspect  of  tuberculosis;  educational 
propaganda;  stimulation  of  provision  for  public  and  private,, 
care  of  consumptives;  and  relief  for  families  in  which  tuber- 
culosis is  a  serious  financial  problem.  All  four  kinds  of 
work  were  begun  during  the  first  year.  The  available  vital 
statistics  were  studied  with  reference  to  the  prevalence  of  this 
disease,  the  susceptibility  of  persons  of  different  nationalities 
and  of  different  occupations  to  it,  and  its  economic  signifi- 
cance.     A  course  of  lectures  designed  for  social  workers  was 


50  HISTORY 

given  by  eminent  specialists,  and  sixty-five  lectures  of  a  more 
popular  character — seventy  in  all,  with  an  aggregate  audience 
of  7,373  persons.  Twenty-seven  thousand  copies  of  pamph- 
lets were  distributed,  50,000  of  the  Board  of  Health  circulars, 
5,000  copies  of  resolutions  warning  against  the  use  of  patent 
medicines ;  and  the  first  step  was  taken  in  the  evolution  of  the 
now  famous  "Don't  card,"  an  attractive  folder  which  gives 
the  essential  facts  about  tuberculosis  in  simple  language. 
Vigorous  but  ineffectual  opposition  was  made  to  the  Goodsell- 
Bedell  bill  which  afterwards  became  law  and  delayed  for  sev- 
eral years  the  establishment  of  a  municipal  country  sana- 
torium; and  during  the  six  winter  months  the  Committee  took 
charge  of  certain  of  the  families  under  the  care  of  the  Society 
in  whose  situation  tuberculosis  was  the  main  factor.  The 
second  year  of  the  Committee's  existence  was  marked  by  the 
publication  of  the  Handbook  on  the  Prevention  of  Tuber- 
culosis, which  has  had  a  very  important  and  direct  influ- 
ence on  the  development  throughout  the  country  of  con- 
certed efifort  for  the  control  of  this  disease;  by  the  establish- 
ment of  co-operation  with  the  Board  of  Education  and  the 
labor  unions;  by  the  publication  of  the  "Don't  card"  in  En- 
glish, Bohemian,  Yiddish,  and  German ;  and  by  participation 
in  the  exhibition  of  the  Tuberculosis  Commission  of  Mary- 
land, and  of  the  Department  of  Social  Economy  of  the  Louis- 
iana Purchase  Exposition. 

In  1903  the  general  secretary  visited  the  relief  work  occa- 
sioned by  floods  and  cloudbursts  in  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Ore- 
gon. Emergency  relief  work  at  home  was  made  necessary 
the  next  year  by  the  horrible  fate  which  overtook  the  excur- 
sionists on  the  steamer  General  Slocum  one  day  in  June. 
Archibald  A.  Hill,  then  secretary  of  the  Charity  Organization 
Society's  Tenement  House  Committee,  was  asked  to  act  as 
secretary  of  the  Mayor's  Relief  Committee  promptly  formed. 
His  time  and  that  of  several  other  employes  was  put  at  the 
disposal  of  the  Relief  Committee,  and  for  several  weeks  the 


NATIONAL   ORGANIZATIONS  5 1 

general  secretary  also  devoted  close  attention  to  the  work, 
and  prepared  the  report  submitted  to  the  Mayor. 

The  summer  of  1904  was  a  notable  one  in  the  organization 
of  social  work,  for  it  saw  the  beginning  of  both  the  National 
Child  Labor  Committee  and  the  National  Association  for 
the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis.  In  the  launching 
of  both  of  these  important  organizations  the  Society  partici- 
pated, and  its  general  secretary  acted  as  secretary  of  the 
former  for  six  months  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  Socio- 
logical Section  of  the  first  meeting  of  the  latter.  This  was 
the  year,  also,  of  the  endowment  of  the  School  of  Philanthropy. 

A  flurry  of  excitement  over  children  who  go  breakfastless 
to  school  brought  up  again  during  this  winter  the  question 
of  public  out-door  relief,  in  the  form  of  a  discussion  on  the 
furnishing  of  free  meals  by  the  Department  of  Education. 
The  Society  expressed  itself  as  opposed  to  any  such  plan,  at 
a  hearing  before  the  special  committee  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation. Two  years  later,  in  last  April,  a  discussion  of  the 
same  principles  was  renewed,  on  the  proposal  to  furnish 
skilled  oculists  to  treat  all  pupils  with  defective  vision  in  the 
public  schools  and  to  give  eye-glasses  to  all  for  whom  they 
were  prescribed.  After  opposing  before  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation "this  radical,  as  it  appears  to  us,  revolutionary,  and 
certainly  unnecessary"  proposition,  "in  view  of  the  admitted 
ability  of  parents  in  the  very  great  majority  of  all  cases  to 
take  care  of  their  own  children,  and  in  view  of  the  demon- 
strated ability  and  willingness  of  dispensaries  and  charitable 
societies  to  provide  for  all  whose  parents  have  not  this  finan- 
cial ability,"  the  Charity  Organization  Society  made  the  spe- 
cific announcement  that  it  was  ready,  as  always,  to  supply 
the  needs  of  any  child  whose  parents  could  not  meet  them. 

The  year  1905  was  conspicuous  for  the  extension  of  the 
educational  work  of  the  Society.  The  general  secretary  was 
appointed  to  the  new  chair  of  Social  Economy  in  Columbia 
University  endowed  by  Jacob  H.  Schiflf  as  a  means  of  supple- 


52  HISTORY 

menting  the  School  of  Philanthropy  and  emphasizing  more 
closely  through  this  personal  connection  the  affiliation  already 
established  between  the  Society  and  the  University.  The 
position  attained  by  Charities^  which  had  absorbed  The 
Charities  Review,  and  the  future  planned  for  it,  led  to  the 
organization  of  the  National  Publication  Committee,  repre- 
sentative of  various  movements  in  social  work  and  of  various 
sections  of  the  country.  On  November  i,  1905,  with  Chari- 
ties was  consolidated  The  Commons  of  Chicago,  and  four 
months  later  Jewish  Charity  of  New  York  was  also  merged. 
A  Bureau  of  Statistics  was  established  in  the  Central  Office, 
for  the  study  and  interpretation  of  the  case-work  of  the  So- 
ciety and  for  furthering  in  any  possible  way  the  study  of  ex- 
isting social  needs.  A  special  investigation  of  habits  of 
tenement  families  in  regard  to  the  purchase  and  management 
of  food  was  made,  in  addition  to  a  study  of  the  families  under 
care  of  the  Society  during  the  year,  and  the  Family  Desertion 
volume  already  referred  to  was  published.  A  national  Direc- 
tory of  Institutions  and  Societies  dealing  with  Tuberculosis, 
planned  and  compiled  by  the  Committee  on  the  Prevention  of 
Tuberculosis  and  issued  by  it  at  the  close  of  1904  in  con- 
junction with  the  National  Association,  has  proved  itself  a 
well-appreciated  contribution  to  the  tuberculosis  movement 
of  the  country.  During  this,  its  third  year,  the  Committee, 
in  addition  to  its  lectures  and  popular  literature,  made  an 
investigation  of  lodging-houses  in  Manhattan,  carried  on  an 
experiment  in  placing  convalescent  consumptives  in  the 
country,  co-operated  with  the  National  Association  in  holdings 
a  tuberculosis  exhibition,  and  established  a  local  travelling 
exhibition  as  a  permanent  part  of  its  educational  work. 

The  death  of  Mrs.  Lowell,  on  October  12,  1905,  bereaved 
the  entire  city.  To  the  Charity  Organization  Society  it  meant 
an  irreparable  loss.  Mrs.  Lowell  was  its  founder,  and  through 
its  twenty-three  years  of  existence  had  been  its  most  faith- 
ful, untiring,  and  efficient  member.      For  twenty-three  years 


\ 


JOSEPHINE  SHAW   LOWELL  53 

she  served  on  the  Executive  Committee ;  for  fifteen  as  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  on  District  Work.  At  different 
times  she  w^as  a  member  of  the  Committee  on  Co-operation, 
the  Committee  on  Provident  Habits,  and  the  Committee  on 
Philanthropic  Education.  She  was  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Dependent  Children  during  its  four  active  years ; 
and  she  was  a  member  of  the  Central  District  Committee  for 
three  years,  and  then,  from  1893,  of  the  committee  in  the 
district  on  the  lower  east  side  now  known  as  Corlears.  It 
was  no  perfunctory  service  that  she  gave.  Alert,  suggestive, 
sincere,  wise,  and  unwearied,  she,  more  than  any  other  one 
person,  directed  the  course  of  the  Society.  That  there  were 
occasions  on  which  her  judgment  was  overruled  is  the  strong- 
est evidence  on  record  that  the  Society  has  not  been  the  pro- 
duct of  any  one  mind  or  under  any  personal  control.  She 
left  a  legacy  of  suggestions  —  for  a  children's  department,  a 
farm  colony  for  vagrants,  a  public  department  for  the 
reduction  of  crime,  of  which  police,  courts,  and  prisons 
should  be  bureaus — which  may  for  years  to  come  engage  the 
attention  of  those  with  whom  she  worked  and  their  successors. 
The  important  new  undertaking  in  1906  was  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Special  Employment  Bureau  for  the  Handi- 
capped. Some  reader  of  the  Society's  records  in  the  distant 
future  may  find  the  germ  of  this  venture  in  the  permission 
[riven  an  armless  man,  at  the  request  of  one  of  the  district 
committees,  to  set  up  a  fruit  stand  in  front  of  the  Central 
Office  at  21  University  Place.  There  is  no  historical  con- 
nection between  the  two  enterprises,  but  the  early  incident  is 
typical  of  the  efforts  that  have  always  been  made  by  district 
agents  to  find  suitable  employment  for  members  of  the  fam- 
ilies under  their  care  who  in  one  respect  or  another  do  not 
come  up  to  the  market  requirements  of  capability.  The  pro- 
ject of  organizing  an  employment  bureau  for  placing  the 
physically,  mentally,  and    socially    handicapped    in    positions 


54  HISTORY 

where  their  particular  handicap  will  not  interfere  with  the 
work  to  be  done,  grew  out  of  a  physician's  isolated  experi- 
ments with  his  dispensary  patients,  and  the  problems  con- 
stantly faced  by  the  Committee  on  the  Joint  Application  Bu- 
reau in  its  care  of  homeless  cases.  In  a  memorandum  pre- 
sented to  the  Central  Council  in  January,  1906,  Dr.  Theodore 
C.  Janeway,  a  member  of  the  Council,  and  C.  C.  Carstens,  then 
assistant  secretary  of  th.e  Society,  both  representatives  of  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  on  the  Joint  Application  Bureau 
Committee,  convincingly  stated  the  need  for  a  philanthropic 
agency  which  should  undertake  the  difficult  task  of  creating 
a  place  in  the  industrial  organization  of  the  city  for  persons 
generally  considered  unemployable.  The  standing  commit- 
tee appointed  to  establish  such  a  bureau  began  work  in  April. 

In  this  year  also  the  custom  which  the  Society  had  fol- 
lowed from  its  beginning  of  making  confidential  reports  to  its 
members  on  the  standing  and  management  of  any  enter- 
prises appealing  for  charitable  support  was  organized  into  a 
Bureau  of  Advice  and  Information.  A  special  fund  of  $20,000 
was  contributed  in  January  by  eight  men  as  a  relief  fund 
for  the  benefit  of  poor  consumptives ;  and  in  the  fall  the  Tuber- 
culosis Committee  submitted  to  the  Mayor's  Hospital  Com- 
mission recommendations  for  increased  public  hospital  and 
dispensary  provision,  based  on  an  elaborate  study  of  the  ex- 
isting demands  and  facilities. 

The  San  Francisco  earth-quake  and  fire  on  April  18 
created  an  emergency  situation  of  a  magnitude  and  delicacy 
that  demanded  the  most  expert  handling.  The  administra- 
tion of  the  relief  fund  of  ten  million  dollars  affords  the  most 
conspicuous  demonstration  that  has  ever  been  given  of  the 
value  of  co-operation  and  organization  in  relief,  and  of  the 
extent  to  which  professional  knowledge  in  relief  administra- 
tion has  come  to  be  appreciated  by  the  public.  The  president 
of  the  Society,  by  appointment  of  the  Mayor  of  New  York, 
was  chairman  of  the  New  York  Relief  Committee.     The  gen- 


THE  IMPROVEMENT  OF  SOCIAL  CONDITIONS  55 

eral  secretary  of  the  Society,  by  appointment  of  the  American 
National  Red  Cross,  was  in  charge  of  the  emergency  relief 
for  over  three  months.  As  special  representative  of  the 
Red  Cross,  as  chairman  of  the  San  Francisco  Relief  Com- 
mission during  July,  as  first  chairman  of  the  Rehabilitation 
Committee,  and  in  his  cordial  relations  with  the  local  Fin- 
ance Committee,  he  had  a  unique  opportunity  to  direct  meth- 
ods and  initiate  policy. 

At  the  end  of  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  the  Central 
Council  of  the  Society,  in  the  winter  of  1906-7,  made  a  care- 
ful review  of  its  work,  for  the  purpose  of  determining  its 
future  policy.  The  conclusion  was  reached  that  its  greatest 
opportunity  for  service  in  the  future  lies  in  organizing  the 
forces  of  the  community,  public  and  private,  for  the  perman- 
ent improvement  of  social  conditions;  that  while  no  less  at- 
tention should  be  given  to  the  care  of  individual  families  in 
their  homes,  its  most  effective  work  is  to  remove,  as  far  as  is 
possible,  the.  conditions  which  make  these  families  needy. 
It  was  felt  that  the  work  into  which  the  Society  has  been 
led  by  pressing  social  needs  has  been  its  most  fruitful  work. 
Such  work  has  involved,  to  use  the  words  of  the  memorandum 
prepared  by  the  president  of  the  Society,  "the  organization  of 
charity  in  its  fullest  and  most  perfect  sense.  It  has  meant 
favorable  action  on  the  part  of  state  and  municipal  author- 
ities; it  has  also  involved  the  support  of  the  public,  the  sup- 
port of  the  press,  and  particularly  the  support  of  other  char- 
itable organizations.  It  has  involved  continuous  service. 
The  Society  has  no  right  to  claim,  nor  does  it  claim,  exclu- 
sive credit  for  this  result,  which  means  incalculable  good  to 
such  a  multitude.  It  has,  however,  been  brought  about  by 
organization  and  co-operation  which  the  Society  initiated 
and  which  it  has  fostered.  And  the  result  to  the  commun- 
ity-in  eliminating  and  diminishing  some  of  the  more  import- 
ant causes  of  pauperism  is  of  infinitely  greater  value  than 
could  have  been  brought  about  by  the  same  amount  of  effort 


56  HISTORY 

.and  the  same  amount  of  money  expended  for  the  relief  of 
individual  suffering.  It  is  for  such  reasons  that  the  Society, 
after  twenty-five  years  of  experience,  has  deliberately  deter- 
mined, without  neglecting  in  any  way  its  duty  in  the  relief  of 
individual  cases  of  poverty,  to  lay  emphasis  on  the  field  of 
removing  or  minimizing  the  causes  of  poverty,  and  to  firmly 
establish  and  extend  these  forms  of  work  by  organizing  them 
into  a  department  for  the  permanent  improvement  of  social 
conditions." 

In  January,  1907,  the  Department  for  the  Improvement  of 
Social  Conditions  was  created,  thus  organizing  for  more  effi- 
cient administration  the  constructive  social  undertakings  al- 
ready in  operation  and  providing  for  expansion  in  such  direc- 
tions as  the  needs  of  the  city  may  demand  and  the  resources 
at  the  command  of  the  Society  may  permit. 


CONCLUSION 

The  twenty-five  years  within  which  lies  the  history  of  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  have  been  throughout  the  coun- 
try a  period  of  unprecedented  progress  in  charitable  methods, 
in  resources  available  for  relief,  and  in  the  improvement  of 
social  conditions. 

In  1882  almshouses  and  orphan  asylums  were  the  principal 
relief  agencies  in  the  state  of  New  York.  There  were  pri- 
vate homes  for  the  aged,  but  then,  as  now,  more  of  the  aged 
and  infirm  were  in  almshouses,  and  with  them  were  insane, 
feeble-minded  (called  "idiots"),  epileptic,  blind,  deaf-mute, 
and  children.  There  was  in  them  little  provision  for  the 
sick,  even  for  contagious  diseases.  Sanitary  arrangements 
were  frequently  unspeakable.  -  Two-thirds  of  the  known  in- 
sane of  the  state  were  in  county  and  city  almshouses,  and 
stocks,  fetters,  and  other  restraining  appliances  of  iron  and 
leather  were  still  sometimes  used.  Work  House  inmates 
were  utilized,  at  least  in  New  York  City,  as  attendants  on  the 
sick.  There  was  a  large  and  increasing  number  of  children 
in  institutions  and  no  definite  means  of  supervising  expendi- 
tures from  the  public  treasury  for  their  support.  Fresh-air 
work  was  only  beginning.  Hospitals  and  dispensaries  were  as 
yet  only  slightly  specialized.  Such  social  and  educational  work 
as  is  now  carried  on  by  clubs,  settlements  and  other  agen- 
cies in  infinite  variety  was  represented  only  by  a  number  of 
"industrial  schools"  for  poor  children,  and  the  work  of  church 
visitors  and  missions.  The  relief  of  poor  families  in  their 
homes  was  accomplished  by  the  city's  distribution  of  coal 
and  by  a  number  of  relief  societies  giving  out  doles  independ- 


58  HISTORY 

ently  of  one  another.  The  State  Board  of  Charities  and  the 
State  Charities  Aid  Association  had  brought  about  important 
improvements,  but  their  reports  indicate  the  feeling  that  their 
work  was  only  begun. 

In  the  quarter  of  a  century  that  has  passed  since  1882  the 
almshouse  has  become  a  home  for  the  friendless  aged  and  in- 
firm ;  the  defective  classes  have  been  much  better  provided  for 
in  specialized  institutions;  the  care  of  the  insane  has  been 
concentrated  under  state  management,  and  has  become  more 
nearly  adequate,  more  humane,  and  more  remedial;  the  ad- 
ministration of  public  charities  has  been  divorced  from  cor- 
rection in  New  York  City;  and  the  city  no  longer  distributes 
coal.  A  uniform  system  of  accounting  has  been  established 
in  state  institutions,  and  the  subsidies  to  private  institutions 
have  been  systematized  on  a  basis  of  payment  for  services. 
Contract  prison  labor  has  been  abolished;  matrons  have  been 
supplied  in  the  police  stations;  reformatory  methods  have  to 
a  considerable  extent  displaced  punishment  in  correctional 
institutions;  and  a  decent  probation  system  is  being  worked 
out.  Police  station  lodgings  have  disappeared,  and  in  their 
stead  in  New  York  City  is  a  well-conducted  municipal  lodg- 
ing house.  All  the  progress  that  has  been  made  in  protect- 
ing working  women  and  children,  and  in  controlling  the  evils 
of  the  sweat-shop,  has  been  made  in  this  period.  Provision 
for  the  sick  has  increased  enormously,  and  has  become  greatly 
diversified;  medical  attendance  and  nursing  for  the  poor  in 
their  homes  have  developed,  as  well  as  all  the  educational  and 
preventive  work  carried  on  by  the  Department  of  Health.  The 
improvement  of  the  dispensary  and  the  increase  of  volun- 
tary public  service  by  physicians  have  supplemented  with 
great  social  advantage  the  work  of  the  hospitals  and  Health 
Department.  Dependent  children  are  provided  for  in  more 
natural  ways;  many  are  kept  with  their  own  families;  for 
others  homes  are  found  in  other  families;  and  among  the  in- 
stitutions there  is  a  tendency  to  re-organize  on  the  cottage 


ADVANCE  OF  TWENTY-FIVE  YEARS  59 

plan  in  a  country  location,  and  greatly  to  improve  the  cur- 
riculum. A  separate  bureau  has  been  created  for  dependent 
children  in  the  Department  of  Public  Charities,  and  juvenile 
delinquents  are  treated  in  a  children's  court.  Families  de- 
pendent on  private  charity  are  cared  for  w^ith  no  less  sym- 
pathy, but  with  more  thoroughness,  and  resources  are  not 
only  more  plentiful  but  are  also  better  organized  in  their 
behalf.  The  administrative,  financial,  and  relief  methods  of 
many  private  relief  agencies  have  improved  so  enormously 
as  to  amount  to  a  revolution. 

There  has  been  also  marked  improvement  in  the  environ- 
ment of  the  poor,  brought  about  by  governmental  activity 
and  private  interest.  Unchecked  competition  in  the  build- 
ing of  tenements  with  its  abuses  has  been  brought  under  con- 
trol; playgrounds  and  small  parks  have  been  opened  in  con- 
gested districts,  and  on  the  water-front  have  been  built  pavil- 
ion-piers for  recreation  and  refreshment ;  public  baths  have 
come  into  existence;  recreation  centers,  vacation  schools,  and 
lectures  are  evidence  of  the  socializing  of  the  public  schools 
which  has  but  recently  begun.  '  The  settlement  movement 
has  developed  entirely  within  this  period,  and  has  made  its 
contribution  of  sweetness  and  light,  as  have  the  many  inde- 
pendent clubs  and  the  "institutional  work"  of  the  churches,  to 
the  lives  of  working  men  and  women  and  boys  and  girls. 
Certain  efforts  for  improving  conditions  have  assumed  such 
proportions  and  such  definite  organization  that  they  have 
become  "movements",  of  which  the  most  conspicuous  ex- 
amples are  the  movements  to  protect  children  from  premature 
and  excessive  employment  and  to  diminish  tuberculosis. 
Others,  which  may  develop  similarly,  are  now  in  their  incip- 
iency — for  the  control  of  all  kinds  of  preventable  disease 
whose  persistence  depends  on  social  causes,  for  the  mitiga- 
tion of  the  evils  of  congested  population,  for  the  protection 
of  purchasers  of  food,  drugs,  life  insurance,  and  other  com- 


6o  HISTORY 

modities,  for  the  equitable  adjustment  of  the  burden  of  in- 
dustrial accidents. 

There  has  come  about  also  during  the  twenty-five  years 
a  change  in  the  conception  of  social  work.  It  has  become  a 
profession,  with  a  literature,  defined  standards,  training 
schools,  and  powers  of  attracting  an  increasing  number  of 
men  and  women  in  their  choice  of  a  life  work,  and  of  retain- 
ing the  most  competent.  In  the  general  characteristics  of 
social  work  the  most  notable  development  has  been  the  pop- 
ularization of  the  method  which  has  always  been  prerequisite 
to  efiiciency,  the  method  which  bases  action  on  a  knowledge 
of  facts.  This  method  may  be  said  to  have  become  the 
standard  in  the  treatment  of  dependent  families  and  in  the 
treatment  of  social  conditions.  ''Investigation"  of  families 
has  lost  its  terror  and  is  generally  accepted  as  an  essential 
preliminary  to  real  assistance.  The  necessity  for  research 
into  working  and  living  conditions  has  made  itself  felt  by 
everyone  who  tries  to  bring  about  any  social  improvement. 
The  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  established  this  year,  is  not 
only  "the  most  nobly  conceived  benefaction  of  an  age  in  which 
many  benefactions  have  been  generously  conceived  and  exe- 
cuted"; it  is  also  a  response  to  the  insistent  demand  for 
knowledge  which  many  charitable  organizations,  settlements, 
universities,  governmental  departments,'  and  private  citizens 
have  been  trying  in  fragmentary  but  earnest  ways  to  meet. 

These  are  advances  which  have  been  brought  about  by 
conscious  social  effort,  as  distinguished  from  the  action  of 
economic  forces,  and  as  distinguished  from  the  action  of  the 
awakening  social  spirit  on  the  organization  of  industry  and 
the  conduct  of  government. 

The  specific  help  which  the  Charity  Organization  Society 
has  given  in  bringing  about  this  advance  has  been  outlined 
in  the  foregoing  pages.  In  indirect  or  intangible  ways  it  has 
been  of  perhaps  greater  service.  Through  the  successful  ac- 
complishment  of   certain   tasks;   through  the   collection   and 


THE  FUTURE  6l 

presentation  of  facts  about  social  conditions ;  through  vigilant 
interest  in  the  action  of  the  legislature  and  other  branches  of 
government  as  it  bears  on  the  welfare  of  the  poor;  through 
the  participation  of  its  officers  and  members  of  its  stafi  in 
national,  state,  and  special  conferences,  and  in  the  emergency 
relief  wQrk  occasioned  by  great  disasters;  through  its  own 
employes  who  have  gone  to  social  work  in  other  cities; 
through  its  cordial  relations  with  public  officials  and  with 
other  charitable  agencies;  through  its  pioneer  work  in  devel- 
oping a  course  of  instruction  for  the  training  of  social  work- 
ers ;  and  above  all  through  its  publications,  notably  Charities, 
it  has  exerted  an  influence  on  the  social  work  of  the  city  and 
the  entire  country. 

It  has  not  been  an  easy  path  through  these  twenty-five 
years,  though  the  apparently  obvious  course  of  this  history 
may  give  that  impression.  The  next  step  has  not  always 
been  clear  to  all.  Long,  earnest,  even  heated  discussions  have 
occurred  in  the  councils  of  the  Society,  and  years  of  untired 
effort  have  sometimes  been  necessary  to  convince  an  oppon- 
ent on  the  outside  of  the  wisdom  of  the  Society's  position  and 
the  disinterestedness  of  its  motives.  Prejudice,,  false  senti- 
ment, the  clash  of  selfish  interests,  and  the  inherent  difficulties 
of  many  of  the  problems  encountered,  have  taxed  the  judg- 
ment and  the  patience  of  directors  and  workers. 

In  spite  of  the  evils  of  increased  congestion,  the  physical 
strain  of  overwork,  and  the  numerous  forms  of  exploitation 
from  which  the  poor  suffer,  there  has  come  about,  through  in- 
creased efficiency  of  educational  and  philanthropic  agencies, 
through  the  adoption  of  better  administrative  methods,  and 
above  all  through  the  deepening  sense  of  social  responsibil- 
ity, a  more  just  and  more  adequate  discharge  of  the  obliga- 
tions of  charity.  And  yet  these  obligations  have  not  been 
fully  met.  Of  the  work  to  be  do,ne  not  very  much  has  as  yet 
been  accomplished.  An  advance  has  been  made,  but  there  is 
now  the  vision  of  far  greater  things,  and  there  is  justified  a 


62  HISTORY 

confidence  that  it  is  not  an  unattainable  vision,  which  comes 
from  the  success  of  past  efforts  and  from  the  sense  of  strength 
given  by  sympathy  and  unity  of  purpose  among  the  forces 
working  for  the  common  welfare. 


ACCOUNT    OF 
PRESENT  ACTIVITIES 

1907 


EDWARD    T.   DEVINE 


ADMINISTRATION 

The  government  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society  dif- 
fers from  that  of  other  charitable  societies  mainly  in  having 
an  elasticity  in  the  number  and  membership  of  its  commit- 
tees, which  enables  it  easily  to  adapt  the  means  to  the  end. 
The  governing  body,  corresponding  to  the  managers,  directors, 
or  trustees  of  other  societies,  is  called  the  Central  Council. 
It  has  a  president,  a  vice-president,  and  a  treasurer  elected  from 
the  membership  of  the  Council,  all  of  whom  serve  without 
compensation.  Its  real  executive  officer  is  its  general  secre- 
tary, and  associated  with  him  are  the  director  of  the  Depart- 
ment for  the  Improvement  of  Social  Conditions  and  the 
director  of  the  School  of  Philanthropy,  all  of  whom  are  sal- 
aried officers. 

In  practice  the  work  of  the  Council  is  distributed  among 
a  number  of  standing  committees,  all  subordinate  to  the  Exec- 
utive Committee,  which  is  constituted  in  large  part  of  chair- 
men of  other  committees  and  is  itself  directly  responsible  to 
the  Council.  ^The  elastic  organization  of  these  committees 
is  an  individual  characteristic  of  the  Society  and  has  contrib- 
uted much  to  its  efficiency.  They  are  large  or  small  accord- 
ing to  the  demands  of  their  work,  and  they  include,  without 
regard  to  residence,  those  whose  membership  is  based  upon 
service  as  well  as  those  whose  membership* is  based  upon  con- 
tribution. In  this  way  the  Society  has  been  able  to  en- 
roll upon  its  different  committees  men  and  women  in  different 
parts  of  the  country  to  deal  with  those  of  its  functions 
which  are  national  rather  than  local,  such  as  its  School 
of  Philanthropy  and    its    Charities    Publication    Committee. 


66  PRESENT    ACTIVITIES 

These  standing  committees  are  appointed  by  the  president 
after  each  annual  election.  One  of  them  is  a  Committee  on 
District  Work,  which  occupies  toward  the  Society's  district 
committees  practically  the  siame  relation  of  oversight  and  con- 
trol that  the  Executive  Committee  exercises  toward  all  stand- 
ing committees. 

The  district  committees,  which  are  charged  with  the  care 
of  needy  families  in  their  homes  within  their  respective  dis- 
tricts, in  contradistinction  from  the  standing  committees  of 
the  Council,  are  independent  and  autonomous,  electing  their 
members  on  their  own  initiative,  subject  only  to  the  approval 
of  the  Council,  and  conducting  their  affairs  in  many  respects 
independently. 

This  organization  in  its  statement  may  seem  complicated. 
As  matter  of  fact  it  is  a  necessary  adaptation  of  effort  to  result 
which  has  in  practice  proved  simple  and  workable,  giving  to 
each  committee  a  sufficient  degree  of  independence  to  encour- 
age initiative,  and  to  the  Central  Council  sufficient  control 
to  conform  the  action  of  all  to  a  single  general  policy. 

Turning  from  general  to  more  particular  statement,  the 
Central  Council  consists  of  thirty-three  members,  one-third 
retiring  each  year,  elected  by  the  Society  at  its  annual 
meeting;  one  delegate  member  from  each  district  commit- 
tee ;  and  certain  ex  officio  members.  Membership  in  the  So- 
ciety is  based  upon  service  on  its  committees  or  financial 
support.  There  are  twelve  ex  officio  members  of  the  Council: 
the  New  York  City  Commissioners  of  the  State  Board  of 
Charities,  a  representative  of  the  State  Charities  Aid  Asso- 
ciation and  of  Columbia  University,  the  United  States  Com- 
missioner of  Immigration,  the  Mayor  of  the  city,  and  the 
heads  of  those  city  departments  most  closely  connected  with 
the  welfare  of  the  poor — the  Police  Department,  the  Health 
Department,  the  Department  of  Public  Charities,  the  Depart- 
ment of  Correction,  and  the  Tenement  House  Department. 


STANDING  AND  DISTRICT   COMMITTEES  67 

The  standing  committees  and  the  district  committees  have 
an  aggregate  membership  at  present  of  over  three  hundred. 
The  original  members  of  the  district  committees,  one  in  each 
of  the  ten  sections,  into  which  the  city  is  divided  for  the 
Society's  purposes,  are  appointed  by  the  Council,  but  after 
that  each  committee  is  self-perpetuating,  its  choice  to  fill 
vacancies  being,  however,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
Council. 

It  is  the  function  of  the  district  committees  to  "manage 
the  work  of  the  Society"  within  their  own  boundaries,  "sub- 
ject to  the  control  of  the  Council."  They  "establish"  the  dis- 
trict offices ;  decide  "on  the  treatment  of  the  cases  applying 
for  assistance  in  their  part  of  the  city ;  carry  the  responsibility 
for  developing  co-operation  with  the  Society  by  churches, 
other  charitable  agencies,  and  residents  of  the  district;  and 
take  part,  more  or  less  actively  as  their  interests  lead  them, 
in  carrying  on  the  general  educational  work  of  the  Society. 
They  have  no  responsibility,  as  committees,  in  raising  money 
for  their  expenses.  The  finances  of  the  society  have  been 
centralized  from  the  beginning.  The  paid  employes  for  the 
district  work  are  appointed  by  authority  of  the  Central  Coun- 
cil, subject  to  the  approval  of  the  district  committee  to  which 
they  are  assigned. 

Through  the  standing  committees,  now  numbering  twenty, 
the  Central  Council  carries  on  the  rest  of  the  Society's 
work,  and  supervises  'the  work  of  the  district  committees. 
The  Executive  Committee,  consisting  of  not  less  than  five 
members,  all  of  whom  must  be  members  of  the  Council,  acts 
for  the  Council  in  the  interim  of  its  sessions,  and  has  charge 
of  the  work  of  the  Central  Office.  It  holds  weekly  meetings 
and  it  is  the  most  important  of  all  the  committees.  For 
the  convenient  transaction  of  business  it  may  meet  in  two 
sections.  The  president  and  the  vice-president  of  the  Council 
are  ex  officio  members  of  all  committees. 


68  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

There  is  a  standing  committee  in  charge  of  each  distinctive 
branch  of  the  work.  Six  of  the  nine  original  standing  com- 
mittees are  still  continued,  and  new  ones  have  been  added 
as  the  diversification  of  the  work  has  called  for  them. 
The  chairman  of  each  is  a  member  of  the  Council  but  the 
rest  of  the  committee  need  not  be.  This  freedom  of  choice 
has  been  a  source  of  strength,  enabling  the  Society  to  unite 
varied  interes;ts  in  a  much  more  efficient  prosecution  of  new 
undertakings  than  would  -otherwise  have  been  possible. 

The  officers  of  the  Central  Council,  elected  by  the  Council, 
are  the  officers  of  the  Society.  The  executive  officer  of  the 
Council,  the  general  secretary,  is  responsible  to  the  Council 
for  the  management  of  the  Central  Office',  and  for  exercising 
a  general  supervision  over  all  departments  and  districts,  and 
is  an  advisory  member  of  both  sections  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee ahd  of  all  standing  committees.  The  director  of  the 
Department  for  the  Improvment  of  Social  Conditions  is  re- 
sponsible to  the  Council  for  the  conduct  of  that  Department, 
with  which  has  been  consolidated  the  established  work  of  the 
Committees  on  Mendicancy  and  the  Prevention  of  Tubercu- 
losis and  the  Tenement  House  Committee. 

The  work  is  organized  in  bureaus,  each  with  an  executive 
head  designated  by  a  variety  of  titles  and  responsible  directly 
to  the  general  secretary  or  the  director  of  the  Department  for 
the  Improvement  of  Social  Conditions.  The  School  of  Philan- 
thropy, Charities,  the  Wood  Yard,  the  Laundry,  and  the 
Penny  Provident  Fund,  are  conducted  by  standing  commit- 
tees responsible  to  the  Council. 

The  Society  is  supported  entirely  by  voluntary  contribu- 
tions. It  has  never  received  appropriations  from  the  state  or 
city.  On  one  occasion  an  ofifer  of  a  thousand  dollars  made  by 
the  Board  of  Estimate  and  Apportionment  was  declined.  The 
contributions  during  the  past  year,  amounting  in  the  aggregate 
to  ninety-nine  thousand  dollars,  represented  twenty-six  hun- 
dred contributors. 


FINANCES  69 

Prior  to  1893,  the  Society's  accounts  were  audited  by 
special  committees  of  the  Central  Council  or  of  the  Finance 
Committee.  Since  that  date,  the  Committee  on  Audit  of 
Accounts  has  arranged  for  a  monthly  and  annual  audit  of  the 
Society's  accounts  by  a  certified  public  accountant.  Last 
winter  the  Bureau  of  Accounts  was  re-organized  and  a  modern 
system  of  account  and  audit  installed,  as  a  result  of  which 
immediate  information  is  available  concerning  expenditures 
to  date  for  various  purposes  and  the  balances  in  hand  for  each 
of  the  Society's  activities. 

The  Bureau  of  Appeals  in  the  Central  Office,  under  the 
general  supervision  of  the  Committee  on  Finance  and  Mem- 
bership, has  been  separated  from  the  cashier's  office  and  re- 
organized on  a  more  efficient  basis.  This  Bureau  is  charged 
with  the  raising  of  funds,  involving  not  only  the  sending  out 
of  the  usual  appeals,  but  to  some  extent  the  interpretation  of 
the  Society's  various  activities  to  the  public. 


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"A    CENTER    OF    INTER-COMMUNICATION" 

It  is  as  difficult  to  classify  satisfactorily  the  work  which  is 
now  being  carried  On  by  the  Charity  Organization  Society 
as  it  is  to  divide  the  twenty-five  years  into  sharply  demarcated 
periods,  and  for  the  same  reason.  In  each  part  of  the  work  are 
found  the  characteristics  of  the  others.  The  care  of  individual 
families  is  educational ;  the  development  of  co-operation  is 
in  the  interests  of  the  individual  poor;  the  industrial  agencies 
give  immediate  help  to  men  and  women  in  need,  and  also  train 
some  of  them  to  greater  efficiency  and  promote  the  social 
welfare  by  employing  persons  who  would  otherwise  be  idle; 
the  Tuberculosis  Committee,  primarily  educational,  directs  the 
application  of  a  relief  fund,  maintains  a  "day  camp,"  secures 
more  sanitary  conditions  in  lodging-houses,  and  does  many 
other  things  both  for  individual  consumptives  and  for  social 
conditions ;  the  School  and  all  the  publications  are  means  for 
securing  better  relief  methods  and  promoting  ''social  and 
sanitary  reforms." 

According  to  their  predominating  characteristics,  however, 
the  different  features  of  the  work  may  be  classified  in  five 
groups,  described  in  the  language  of  the  constitution:  (i) 
those  which  serve  to  establish  "a  center  of  intercommunica- 
tion" for  charitable  agencies  a|id  individuals  of  the  city  and  "to 
foster  harmonious  co-operation  between  them";  (2)  those 
which  deal  directly  with  persons  in  need  of  help;  (3)  the 
agencies  designed  "to  procure  work  for  poor  persons  who  are 
capable  of  being  wholly  or  partially  self-supporting" ;  (4)  the 
various  specific  undertakings  "to  promote  the  general  welfare 
of  the  poor";  (5)  the  educational  activities  for  the  training  of 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  PRESENT  ACTIVITIES  7 1 

social     wokers     and     the     diffusion     of     general     information 
about  social  work  and  social  conditions. 

The  departments  of  the  Society's  work  which  are  primarily 
and  specifically  directed  toward  securing  the  first  object  for 
which  the  Society  was  organized  are  the  Registration  Bureau, 
the  Reception  Bureau,  and  the  Bureau  of  Advice  and  Informa- 
tion. In  addition  to  this  a  series  of  monthly  conferences  with 
charity  workers  is  held  during  the  winter;  the  heads  of  de- 
partments act,  to  an  ever-increasing  extent,  as  bureaus  of  in- 
formation about  their  particular  work;  and  the  district  offices 
are,  in  varying  degrees,  centers  of  consultation  in  their 
neighborhoods.  For  the  poor  themselves  the  Joint  Applica- 
tion- Bureau  and  the  district  offices  serve  as  bureaus  of  in- 
formation ;  and  "harmonious  co-operation"  of  all  the  social 
forces  of  the  city  is  fostered  by  the  methods  and  the  policy  of 
every  department  of  the  work. 

THE    RIIGISTRATION    BUREAU 

Registration  of  dependent  families  and  exchange  of  reports 
regarding  them  was  naturally  the  first  work  undertaken  by 
the  Society,  whose  organization,  it  may  be  of  interest  to  recall, 
was  promptly  hailed  by  a  morning  newspaper  as  the  outcome 
of  its  own  "advocacy  of  a  sort  of  clearing  house  for  the  various 
charitable  societies  of  this  city." 

In  the  first  year  53,886  reports  were  recorded,  relating,  as 
nearly  as  could  be  ascertained,  to  39,617  different  cases.  There 
were  without  doubt  many  undiscovered  duplicates,  for  these 
figures  included  15,674  Work  House  cases,  for  which  no  in- 
formation was  furnished  except  the  name,  and  many  of  the 
other  reports  had  little  more  data  for  identification. 

The  reports  were  sent  in  by  the  co-operating  societies  and 
institutions  on  small  cards,  four  by  five  inches  in  size,  sup- 
plied to  them  for  the  purpose.  These  cards  were  filed  alpha- 
betically,  and  when   duplicates  were   discovered   a  report  of 


*J2  PRESENT    ACTIVITIES 

the  information  which  had  come  from  other  sources  was  sent 
to  each  organization  concerned.  The  information  received 
was  at  first  very  meagre,  consisting  generally  of  merely  the 
name  and  address  and  a  statement  that  the  family  had  been 
helped.  As  soon  as  the  district  work  of  the  Society  was 
started,  which  was  done  before  the  end  of  the  first  year,  there 
began  to  build  ujp  a  body  of  information  about  cases  known 
personally  to' it.  A  large  record  form,  the  "G"  card,  seven  by 
eleven  inches,  was  devised  for  district  use ;  and  a  smaller  one, 
the  "H"  card,  for  the  Registration  Bureau,  to  hold  a  condensa- 
tion  of  the  information  entered  in  full  on  the  district  record. 
These  double  records,  involving  a  great  deal  of  clerical  work 
now  found  to  be  unnecessary,  were  continued,  with  some 
modifications,  until  1890,  when  the  "envelope  system"  was 
adopted,  which  requires  only  one  record,  and  a  long  narrow 
card  was  substituted  for  the  "G"  card. 

The  first  card  of  the  record,  called  the  "face  card,"  shows 
the  composition  of  the  family,  names,  ages,  birthplaces,  pre- 
vious addresses,  and  references — the  classifiable  data  secured 
uniformly  about  all  applicants.  There  follow  as  many  "memo- 
randum cards"  (originally  intended  merely  for  memoranda, 
not  to  be  preserved  as  part  of  the  record)  as  are  required,  on 
which  the  full  story  of  the  case  is  told  by  means  of  a  chrono- 
logical series  of  entries,  recording  the  results  of  visits  and 
other  interviews.  These  cards  are  kept  together  in  a  manila 
envelope.  When  the  system  was  adopted  the  envelope  con- 
tained a  transcript  of  most  of  the  data  given  on  the  "face  card," 
and  it  was  never  removed  from  the  Registration  Bureau.  The 
record  cards  were  kept  in  the  district  while  the  family  was 
under  care,  but  the  envelope  remained  in  the  files  and  an 
entry  on  it  showed  where  the  cards  were.  The  telephone  and 
a  regular  daily  messenger  service  obviate  the  inconvenience  of 
not  having  constant  access  to  the  records,  at  a  much  smaller 
expense  than  was  involved  by  the  displaced  clerical  work,  and 
the  danger  of  inaccuracy  always  present  in  copying  is  avoided. 


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The  dimensions  are  4  inches  by  10 


74  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

In  1905  the  numerical  system  of  filing  was  substituted  for 
the  alphabetical ;  an  index  of  "identification  cards"  took  the 
place  of  the  envelopes  in  their  function  as  a  part  of  the  record ; 
and  the  envelope  v^as  retained  simply  as  an  envelope,  with 
nothing  but  the  case  number,  name,  and  address  on  it.  By 
these  changes,  which  were  made  under  the  direction  of  an 
expert  in  filing  devices,  rapidity  and  accuracy  in  identification 
were  facilitated.  The  street  register,  which  was  begun  in  the 
first  year,  has  ever  since  been  an  indispensable  adjunct. 

Several  classes  of  records  which  formed  a  large  proportion 
of  the  total  number  in  the  first  five  years  are  no  longer  rep- 
resented. The  Work  House  reports  were  abandoned  at  the 
end  of  the  first  year,  because  the  mere  information  that  John 
Smith  had  been  received  as  an  inmate  was  valueless.  The 
Penitentiary  reports,  giving  address  as  well  as  name,  but 
nothing  more,  w^ere  continued  until  1898.  A  large  number 
of  false  addresses  and  the  absence  of  other  marks  of  identi- 
fication made  them  of  little  use.  With  the  development  of 
the  work  of  the  United  Hebrew  Charities  it  became  desirable 
that  the  records  of  Jewish  cases  should  be  concentrated  in  its 
office,  and  that  the  Charity  Organization  Society  should  co- 
operate with  the  United  Hebrew  Charities  by  referring  Jewish 
cases  to  it  instead  of  by  receiving  reports  from  it  in  regard  to 
them.  The  recipients  of  "city  coal"  were  another  large  class 
of  cases  in  the  early  years,  who  have  disappeared  from  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  records  because  the  abolition  of 
that  form  of  public  relief  has  wiped  them  out  of  existence.  A 
change,  furthermore,  has  taken  place  in  the  character  aimed  at 
for  the  Registration  Bureau.  The  original  idea  of  making 
a  complete  registration  of  all  the  out-door  relief  in  the  city  has 
not  yet  been  realized,  partly  because  it  has  seemed  clear  that 
co-operation  could  be  more  eflfectively  furthered  by  other 
methods  than  by  an  attempt  to  secure  complete  reports  from  all 
the  charitable  agencies  and  individuals  in  the  city.  The 
Bureau  stands  ready  to  be  of  assistance  to  anyone  who  calls 


ACCUMULATION   OF   RECORDS  75 

on  it,  and  the  value  of  the  information  it  can  give  is  increas- 
ingly appreciated  by  those  who  use  it.  During  the  year  1906-7 
inquiries  about  cases  were  received  from  333  organizations 
of  various  kinds  and  from  890  individuals.  The  organizations 
included  68  societies  in  other  cities  and  61  relief  societies  in 
New  York;  69  churches  in  New  York  City,  eleven  missions, 
and  two  sisterhoods ;  48  hospitals  and  dispensaries ;  nine  day 
nurseries;  19  homes;  eight  settlements;  eight  public  schools 
and  five  private  educational  institutions ;  eight  police  precincts 
and  three  courts;  seven  newspapers;  two  employment 
bureaus ;  a  state  reformatory ;  and  four  city  departments. 

Since  1895  the  records  of  the  Association  for  Improving 
the  Condition  of  the  Poor  have  been  consolidated  with  those 
of  the  Charity  Organization  Society,  so  that  the  Registration 
Bureau  contains  information  about  a  large  proportion  of  the 
non-Jewish  dependent  families  of  the  city,  though  just  what 
the  proportion  is  can  not  be  stated.  From  time  to  time  the 
valueless  records  are  taken  out  and  destroyed,  until  now  there 
are  very  few  which  do  not  contain  useful  information. 

The  body  of  material  which  has  been  accumulated  through 
the  twenty-five  years  is  enormous.  The  total  number  of 
records  on  September  30,  1907,  not  of  course  including  those 
which  have  been  withdrawn  or  destroyed,  was  99,103.  Some 
of  them  cover  twenty-five  years  and  some  contain  forty  or 
fifty  thousand  words.  Of  these  12,086  were  added  during  the 
year.  This  relatively  large  number  of  accessions  to  an  ac- 
cumulation already  so  large,  and  in  such  condition  that 
duplicates  rarely  escape  detection,  is  an  indication  of  that 
constant  flux  in  the  personnel  of  "the  poor"  which  is  one  of  the 
most  encouraging  features  of  our  economic  situation.  A 
"registry  of  the  poor"  changes  rapidly,  far  more  rapidly  than 
one  of  the  general  population.  Families  and  individuals  are 
constantly  passing  out  of  it  into  independence  and  prosper- 
ity, and  their  places  being  taken  by  new-comers,  who  in  turn 
are  only  transient. 


'jd  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

REPORTS    ON    CASES 

The  making  of  reports  on  the  circumstances  of  families 
about  which  the  Society  has  information,  which  was  at  first 
one  of  the  principal  functions  of  the  Registration  Bureau,  was 
subsequently  shared  to  some  extent  with  the  districts,  and  is 
now  divided  among  all  departments  which  have  charge  of 
cases.  On  the  principle  that  the  person  in  closest  touch  with 
the  family  is  best  fitted  to  give  an  accurate  and  sympathetic 
account  and  best  able  to  judge  of  the  points  of  vital  interest 
to  the  inquirer,  every  report  about  a  case  in  charge  at  the 
time  of  the  inquiry,  or  taken  up  in  response  to  the  inquiry,  is 
now  made  by  the  district  agent  or  the  investigation  agent  in 
whose  care  the  case  is ;  while  the  registrar  reports  about 
cases  on  which  the  Society  has  information  but  which  are 
not  in  charge  at  the  time  and  on  which  the  inquirer  wishes 
that  no  investigation  should  be  made. 

From  the  aspect  of  its  service  to  the  poor  this  work  of 
giving  the  information  at  our  command  to  "persons  having  a 
legitimate  interest"  in  those  about  whom  they  inquire  belongs 
with  the  description  of  case-work.  From  its  aspect  of  service 
to  the  inquirers  and  of  fostering  co-operation,  however,  it 
has  a  place  in  this  section. 

During  the  year  1906-7,  7116  written  reports  and  2612 
verbal  reports  were  made  concerning  cases  under  care  or  of 
which  records  were  on  file. 

the:  reception  bureau 

Constantly  augmenting  numbers  of  persons  write  or  tele- 
phone to,  or  call  in  person  upon  the  Charity  Organization 
vSociety  whenever  they  wish  information  about  the  charitable 
resources  or  social  work  of  New  York  or  advice  about  the  care 
of  poor  persons  in  whom  they  are  interested.  Early  in  the 
development  of  the  Society  it  became  desirable  to  detail  a 
reception    agent  to   meet    callers,    supply    them    with    the    in- 


A  DAY  IN  THE  RECEPTION  BUREAU  7/ 

formation  or  advice  they  were  in  search  of,  or  direct  them  to 
the  proper  person  in  the  office  or  the  proper  agency  outside 
the  Society.  Fortunately  this  position  has  been  held  by  only 
two  persons  in  its  entire  history. 

The  number  of  callers  seen  by  the  reception  agent  and 
her  two  assistants  now  averages  about  eighty-five  per  working 
day,  sometimes  reaching  as  high  as  130.  Six  years  ago  the 
Central  Council's  annual  report  called  attention  to  the  fact" 
that  this  number  ranged  from  twenty  to  fifty.  The  total  num- 
ber for  the  year  1906-7  was  22,986,  October  and  Mafch  hav- 
ing the  largest  figures. 

The  variety  and  scope  of  this  work  rnay  be  illustrated  bv 
the  story  of  a  single  day.  On  September  30,  1907,  which  hap- 
pened to  be  Monday,  108  interviews  were  recorded  and  nine 
letters  of  inquiry  were  received.  A  large  corporation  re- 
quested one  of  the  framed  signs  which  are  supplied  to  mem- 
bers, referring  applicants  to  the  Charity  Organization  Society ; 
a  man  called  for  some  of  the  tickets  to  use  for  the  same  pur- 
pose on  the  street  and  at  home.  Publishing  companies  sent 
messengers  for  copies  of  the  books  and  pamphlets  published 
by  the  Society,  and  individuals  came  for  the  Charities  Direc- 
tory, the  annual  report,  and  other  publications.  Expressmen, 
printers'  boys,  and  other  messengers  were  attended  to.  In- 
quirers were  directed  to  the  office  of  Charities,  the 
School  of  Philanthropy,  and  all  the  other  departments  of  the 
Society.  An  offer  of  a  quantity  of  clothing  to  be  used  in  the 
districts  was  received  and  acknowledged.  A  woman  who  had 
been  sent  to  the  country  in  the  summer  by  the  Society  called 
to  express  appreciation ;  and  the  friend  of  a  man  who  used  to 
be  known  to  the  Society  came  to  tell  of  his  death  in  a  hospital. 
There  were  several  inquiries  for  women  and  men  to  do  clean- 
ing and  house  work ;  a  settlement  asked  if  we  could  recom- 
mend a  stenographer;  and  a  merchant  consulted  about  giving 
employment  to  a  woman  whom  we  had  recommended  to  him. 
A  laundress  from  Yonkers,  a  middle-aged  woman  who  has  had 


yS  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

experience  in  caring  for  invalids,  a  governess,  a  sewing-class 
director,  an  institution  employe,  a  clerk,  and  a  young  colored 
man,  all  asked  advice  about  finding  work.  The  addresses  of 
several  prominent  social  workers  not  connected  with  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  were  supplied  to  persons  who 
came  here  to  find  out  where  they  were.  Information  ranging 
from  a  mere  address  to  a  description  of  work  was  given  about 
settlements,  homes  for  girls,  for  crippled  children,  the 
Society's  discontinued  Work  Room,  the  Committee  of  Four- 
teen, sanatoria  for  nervous  diseases,  homes  for  aged  women 
in  New  York  and  Connecticut,  the  State  Board  of  Charities, 
four  of  the  largest  private  societies  of  the  city,  the  Child 
Labor  movement,  funds  for  special  purposes  in  New  York, 
training  schools  for  domestic  servants  (in  response  to  an 
inquiry  from  San  Francisco),  employment  agencies,  and  homes 
for  incurables.  A  visitor  from  Germany  wanted  to  learn  all 
about  the  methods  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society,  and  a 
student  asked  where  to  get  information  about  the  number  of 
men  employed  in  different  occupations.  Advice  was  given  on 
many  concrete  relief  problems:  to  an  old  woman  who  has 
saved  some  money  in  order  to  enter  an  Episcopal  home;  to 
a  publishing  house  which  desires  to  provide  for  one  of  its 
employes,  a  girl  who  has  developed  tuberculosis,  and  to  a  man 
making  similar  inquiries  about  a  consumptive  boy  in  whom  he 
is  interested;  to  a  woman  from  New  Jersey  who  wishes  to 
befriend  an  unfortunate  girl  through  her  approaching  confine- 
ment; to  a  settlement  which  is  arranging  for  the  transporta- 
tion of  a  family  to  more  favorable  surroundings.  A  clergyman 
called  to  talk  over  the  situation  of  one  of  his  families  and  was 
directed  to  the  district  in  whose  charge  the  family  now  is. 
Advice  was  also  given  about  convalescent  care  for  a  child 
whose  mother  was  referred  here  by  the  hospital  superin- 
tendent ;  about  a  position  in  the  country  for  a  woman  and  her 
baby ;  about  placing  a  child  in  an  institution ;  and  about  proper 
care  for  a  colored  girl  who  is  a  feeble-minded  deaf-mute. 


REPORTS  ON    CHARITABLE  ENTERPRISES  79 

Another  day  would  bring  a  different  list,  but  this  is  typical 
of  the  range  of  subjects  encountered  every  day. 

t 

THE    BUREAU    OF    ADVICE:    AND    INFORMATION 

One  particular  kind  of  inquiry  has  been  so  frequent  and 
persistent  that  it  has  led  to  the  development  of  an  organized 
bureau.  As  early  as  June  30,  1882,  the  organizing  secretary 
stated  that  it  was  hoped  "to  make  this  office  a  bureau  of 
accurate  intelligence  regarding  the  history,  scope  and  conduct 
of  all  the  charities  of  the  city";  and  the  first  annual  report 
of  the  Society  stated  that  inquiries  were  already  frequently 
made  of  it  "concerning  the  standing  and  work  of  the  various 
charitable  enterprises  of  the  city  by  those  from  whom  they 
solicit  contributions." 

The  need  thus  indicated  Avas  met  in  part  by  the  publication 
of  the  Charities  Directory;  but  for  many  purposes  its  neces- 
sarily formal  and  limited  statements  were  inadequate,  and 
it  contained  no  mention  of  the  pseudo-charitable  and  em- 
bryonic enterprises  which  are  the  greatest  embarrassment  and 
the  greatest  danger  to  the  benevolent  individuals  of  the  city. 

Soliciting  contributions  for  a  charity  which  does  not  exist 
at  all  or  exists  only  for  the  benefit  of  its  promoters,  was  a 
recognized  form  of  mendicancy  when  the  Society  was  organ- 
ized, and  the  suppression  of  such  fraudulent  enterprises  and  the 
exposure  of  the  methods  of  the  individuals  concerned  was 
undertaken  whenever  the  occasion  demanded.  Fraudulent 
charities  were,  from  the  first,  included  with  individual  im- 
postors in  the  Cautionary  Bulletin.  Threats  of  libel  suits 
were  not  infrequently  incurred  in  the  earlier  years,  but  none 
was  ever  brought  to  an  issue,  and  many  spurious  collectors 
have  been  forced  to  retire  from  their  business  in  New  York. 
This  year  a  man  who  has  obtained  thousands  of  dollars  in  the 
name  of  charity  was  arrested  on  the  basis  of  discoveries  of  his 
methods  made  by  this  bureau,  and  he  is  now  in  the  Tombs 
awaiting  trial. 


80  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

Public  exposure  of  flagrant  instances  of  deception  or  mis- 
management is  a  relatively  small  part  of  the  work  of  the 
Bureau  of  Advice  and  Information.  A  special  bulletin  is  now 
issued,  at  intervals,  of  enterprises  concerning  which  members 
of  the  Society  are  urged  to  inquire  before  contributing  to  them, 
on  account  of  some  well-founded  criticism  that  their  methods 
have  received.  The  Bureau  is  also  ready  to  put  at  the  dis- 
posal of  members  facts  about  charitable  enterprises  whose 
methods  are  not  at  all  questionable,  such  facts  as  put  the  possi- 
ble contributor  in  a  position  to  decide  intelligently  whether  or 
not  the  undertaking  is  one  which  he  wishes  to  support,  or 
which  of  several  he  prefers  to  help.  Advice  is  frequently 
sought,  also,  by  charitable  organizations  themselves,  and  the 
Bureau  is  thus  able  to  bring  about  improvements  in  their 
methods  and  ideals.  Still  another  kind  of  work  done  bv  this 
Bureau  is  the  investigation,  at  the  request  of  members,  of 
problems  connected  with  the  charitable  resources  of  the  city, 
such  as  the  studies  made  during  the  last  year  of  the  adequacy 
of  the  provision  for  the  aged  and  for  crippled  children. 

By  influencing  the  direction  which  contributions  shall  take, 
diverting  them  entirely  from  fraudulent  schemes,  by  improv- 
ing the  methods  of  existing  organizations,  and  by  suggesting 
the  best  form  for  new  undertakings,  the  Bureau  of  Advice  and 
Information  is  an  important  factor  in  determining  the  charac- 
ter of  the  charitable  provision  for  the  poor. 

There  are  now  on  file  records  of  investigations  that  have 
been  made  in  regard  to  2,090  charitable  organizations.  A 
thorough  investigation  is  made  of  the  standing  and  methods 
of  any  institution  or  society  about  which  an  inquiry  is  re- 
ceived, and  supplementary  information  is  added  from  time  to 
time.  During  the  year  1032  reports,  of  which  911  were  writ- 
ten, were  made  on  425  of  these  organizations.  The  report  is 
not  a  statement  of  the  Society's  impression  of  the  organization 
with  a  recommendation  as  to  whether  the  solicited  contribu- 
tion should  be  granted  or  withheld ;  it  is  a  statement,  as  long 


CONFERENCES  ON  THE  EVILS  OF  PAUPERISM  8l 

as  the  circumstances  may  require,  but  as  concise  as  possible, 
of  the  facts  which  a  business  man  needs  as  a  basis  for  forming 
his  own  judgment.  The  relatively  large  number  of  organiza- 
tions represented  in  the  inquiries  indicate  that  the  Bureau  is 
used  systematically  by  many  members  and  not  merely  on  the 
occasion  of  a  widely-circulated  suspicious  appeal. 

MONTHLY    CONFERENCES    OF    SOCIAL    WORH.ERS 

Since  1888  the  Central  Auxiliary  Committee  of  Women 
has  conducted  annually  a  series  of  conferences  for  the  social 
workers  of  the  city.  Topics  of  common  interest  are  discussed 
and  the  meetings  are  pleasant  and  profitable  to  all  who  attend. 
The  general  subject  of  these  conferences  is  The  Evils  of  Pau- 
perism ;  the  possibilities  of  religious  and  charitable  organizations 
to  overcome  them.      The  program  in  1907  was  as  follows: 

January  15.  Causes  of  truancy:  Clarence  E.  Meleney, 
assistant  superintendent  of  public  schools ;  Edgar  S.  Barney, 
principal  of  the  Hebrew  Technical  Institute ;  Mrs.  P.  J.  O'Con- 
nell,  superintendent  of  the  Alliance  Employment  Bureau. 

February  19.  Opportunities  for  the  blind :  Miss  Wini- 
fred Holt,  secretary  of  the  New  York  Association  for  the 
Blind ;  Edgar  P.  Morford,  state  commissioner  for  the  blind, 
1906,  superintendent  of  the  Industrial  Home  for  Blind  Men 
in  Brooklyn. 

March  19.  Club  work  among  boys  and  girls :  Ludwig  B. 
Bernstein,  superintendent  of  the  Hebrew  Sheltering  Guardian 
Society.  The  work  of  the  National  Plant,  Fruit  and  Flower 
Guild :    Miss  A.  L.  Fairfield,  secretary  of  the  Guild. 

April  16.  Penny  lunches  for  school  children :  Mrs.  A.  D. 
Farnum,  of  Milwaukee.  Playgrounds  and  recreation  centers: 
George  B.  Markham,  principal  of  one  of  the  New  York  centers. 


CASE    WORK 

Direct  service  to  individuals  and  families  in  need  of  help  is 
now,  as  it  has  always  been,  the  foundation  of  the  Society's 
work.  It  engages  the  exclusive  attention  of  nearly  half  of 
the  Society's  employes  and  a  corresponding  proportion  of  the 
time  of  the  administrative  officers,  and  is  the  primary  interest 
of  some  two-thirds  of  all  the  committee  members.  If  it 
has  been  less  conspicuously  before  the  public  in  recent  years 
this  is  not  because  it  has  in  any  way  been  declining  in  im- 
portance, but  because  the  new  features  of  the  Society's  work 
have  attracted  attention  by  their  novelty  and  because  they 
have  been  of  such  a  nature  that  the  degree  of  their  success  has 
depended  largely  on  the  publicity  they  could  gain. 

The  work  for  individuals  and  the  work  for  improving 
social  conditions  have  had  a  close  inter-relation.  The  impulse 
for  each  new  undertaking  has  come  from  a  realization  of  some 
definite  need,  gained  from  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
circumstances  of  the  poor;  and  in  carrying  it  on  this  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  poor  and  access  to  them  has  been  of  great 
value.  The  new  undertakings,  on  the  other  hand,  have  in 
each  case  added  resources  to  be  used  in  behalf  of  the  individual 
families  with  whom  we  come  in  contact;  have  broadened  the 
view  of  those  who  deal  directly  with  the  poor;  and  have  prob- 
ably been  more  effective  in  both  these  directions  for  the  reason 
that  district  agents  and  visitors  have  contributed  to  the  suc- 
cess of  the  educational  work  and  sanitary  improvements  and 
have  felt  them  to  be  the  work  of  their  own  organization. 

The  work  for  the  individual  poor  has,  at  any  rate,  improved, 
with  the  expansion  of  the  Society's  activities,  with  the  develop- 


CARE  OF  DEPENDENT   FAMILIES  83 

ment  of  the  city's  resources,  and  with  the  experience  of  the 
years.  It  is  true  beyond  a  doubt  that  mistakes  are  more  rarely 
made  because  of  inadequate  knowledge  of  facts ;  that  possible 
sources  of  assistance  are  more  thoroughly  organized  in  the 
family's  behalf;  that  the  aid  given  is  better  suited  to  the  fam- 
ily's need  and  more  often  adequate  in  amount,  than  at  any 
previous  period  in  the  twenty-five  years. 

At  diflFerent  times  certain  classes  of  cases  have  been  segre- 
gated and  treated  by  special  committees.  The  only  example 
of  this  at  present  is  the  treatment  of  homeless  cases  in 
the  Joint  Application  Bureau.  Until  May,  1907,  mendicants 
had  been  for  five  years  treated  separately  by  the  Committee 
on  Mendicancy,  but  this  has  now  been  discontinued  and  as 
mendicants  are  largely  of  the  homeless  class  their  care  de- 
volves upon  the  Joint  Application  Bureau.  During  the  winter 
of  1902-03  certain  cases  in  which  tuberculosis  was  a  factor 
were  under  the  direct  care  of  the  Committee  on  the  Prevention 
of  Tuberculosis ;  and  from  1899  until  the  spring  of  1903  the 
Committee  on  Dependent  Children  had  charge  of  the  families 
that  would  naturally  go  to  it.  An  auxiliary  committee  was 
formed  at  one  time  to  advise  in  regard  to  Italian  cases,  but 
it  was  short-lived;  and  a  special  committee  to  have  charge  of 
Negro  cases  has  been  considered  during  the  past  year,  but  it 
was  decided  to  be  inadvisable.  The  reason  in  both  these 
instances  was  that  race  and  nationality  do  not  appear  to  con- 
stitute a  natural  basis  of  classification  in  treatment. 

The  case-work  is  carried  on  by  the  Joint  Application 
Bureau,  the  Investigation  Bureau  and  the  Districts.  There 
are  also  several  accessories,  with  varied  functions :  the  Com- 
mittee on  District  Work,  the  Committee  on  Appeals,  the  Provi- 
dent Relief  Funds,  and  the  Bureau  of  Statistics. 

During  1906-07  the  total  number  of  cases  under  care  was 
9456,  distributed  as  follows: 


84  PRESENT    ACTIVITIES 


Under  care  of 

Number 

Districts,  in  some  cases  with  preliminary  treat- 
ment in  the  Investigation  Bureau 

3,336 

3480 

2,484 

156 

Investigation    Bureau    only 

Joint  Application  Bureau :  homeless  cases 

Committee  on  Mendicancy:  to  May,  1907 

Total 

9456 

In  addition  to  these  9,456  who  were  actually  under  care 
for  a  period  of  time,  reports  were  made  or  information  re- 
ceived in  regard  to  1,898  others,  making  a  total  of  11,354  cases 
to  whom  the  Society  rendered  service  of  some  sort  during  the 
year.  The  number  of  different  persons  or  families,  not  "cases," 
who  were  assisted  by  advice  in  the  various  offices  during  the 
year,  cannot  be  ascertained,  but  such  advice  was  given  in  4,797 
instances  in  the  Joint  Application  Bureau  alone. 

THE    JOINT    APPLICATION    BUREAU 

The  Joint  Application  Bureau,  maintained  jointly  by  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  and  the  Association  for  Improv- 
ing the  Condition  of  the  Poor,  and  supervised  by  a  joint  com- 
mittee of  the  two  societies,  has  for  many  years  been  primarily 
a  bureau  of  advice  and  information  for  the  poor  of  the  city. 
It  is  also  exclusively  responsible  for  the  treatment  of  home- 
less persons  applying  to  either  society.  It  is  open  from  nine  in 
the  morning  until  midnight  every  day  in  the  year,  including 
Sundays,  thus  removing  the  popular  excuse  for  house-to-house 
and  street  begging.  It  is  known  to  every  policeman  in  lower 
Manhattan,  to  a  large  proportion  of  private  citizens,  both 
well-to-do  and  poor,  and  to  almost  every  beggar.  From  time 
to  time  special  cards  of  invitation  are  distributed  up  and  down 
the  Bowery,  in  the  bread-lines  and  cheap  lodging-houses  and 


HOMELESS   APPLICANTS  85 

missions,  and  other  haunts  of  the  homeless,  and  policemen  are 
supplied  with  slips  referring  persons  in  need  to  the  Bureau. 

During  the  day  the  superintendent  of  the  Bureau  and 
several  interviewers  are  always  ready  to  talk  with  applicants, 
and  the  night  agent  comes  on  duty  before  they  leave.  The  desks 
are  so  arranged  as  to  insure  privacy  in  conversation  and  there 
are  separate  rooms  for  more  extended  statements. 

The  total  number  of  calls  from  applicants  during  the  year 
1906-07  was  16,759.  There  were  received  also  982  calls  for 
purposes  of  consultation  about  applicants  or  about  the  work 
of  the  Bureau  or  similar  subjects.  The  total  number  of  calls 
was  therefore  17,741,  an  average  of  forty-nine  per  day. 

In  many  cases  the  applicants  need  nothing  more  than  a 
word  of  advice,  the  address  of  the  Municipal  Lodging-House, 
or  of  an  employment  agency.  Those  who  need  more  than  this 
are  kept  in  charge  by  the  Joint  Application  Bureau,  if  they 
are  homeless ;  if  they  have  a  residence  in  the  city  they  are 
referred  to  the  Charity  Organization  Society  or  the  Asso- 
ciation for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor  for  care,  the 
recurrent  cases  to  whichever  society  has  last  had  charge  of  the 
family,  the  new  cases  according  to  rules  of  assignment  agreed 
upon  between  the  two  societies.  During  the  year  1906-07  a 
total  of  4,797  persons  were  advised  or  directed,  3,214  of  them 
being  homeless;  755  resident  applicants  apparently  needing 
relief  were  referred  to  the  Charity  Organization  Society,  and 
1,545  to  the  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the 
Poor;  and  2,484  homeless  men  and  women  were  given  some 
form  of  relief  by  the  Bureau. 

These  homeless  persons  were  for  the  most  part  men  be- 
tween twenty  and  forty  years  of  age,  and  largely  new  comers 
to  the  city,  living  temporarily  in  the  cheap  lodging-houses. 
About  six  per  cent  admit  that  they  have  deserted  wife  and 
children ;  others  are  for  the  time  virtually  deserting  husbands, 
though  they  did  not  leave  home  with  that  in  view ;  and  many 
are  young  men  who  have  come  to  New  York  for  the  industrial 


86  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

advancement  they  have  failed  to  find.  Few  are  recent^  immi- 
grants, a  majority  being  American  born,  but  relatively  few 
have  lived  long  in  New  York.  A  number  of  them  are  ill,  or  en- 
feebled by  the  poor  food  and  the  irregularities  of  their  recent 
experiences.  The  principal  kinds  of  help  which  they  need  are 
temporary  work,  which  is  at  hand  in  the  Wood  Yard ;  per- 
manent work,  which  was  secured  154  times  during  the  last 
year;  hospital  care;  meals  and  temporary  lodgings;  and  trans- 
portation home  or  to  promised  work,  which  was  supplied  last 
year  in  ninety-five  cases.  Two-thirds  of  the  homeless  cases  last 
year  had  not  been  known  to  the  Society  before,  and  many  of 
them  will  not  be  heard  of  again.  They  are  the  most  transient 
of  the  dependent  population,  calling  at  the  Bureau  but  once  or 
twice,  and,  because  so  soon  lost  sight  of,  generally  defeating 
the  best  efforts  to  give  rational  and  permanent  help. 

Mendicants,  whose  relief  now  devolves  chiefly  on  the  Joint 
Application  Bureau,  are  a  distinct  class  of  the  homeless,  whose 
characteristics  have  been  described  fully  in  the  last  four  re- 
ports of  the  Committee  on  Mendicancy.  During  the  period 
from  October,  1906,  to  May,  1907,  when  case-work  was  dis- 
continued by  that  committee,  249  new  cases  were  recorded. 
The  few  mendicants  who  have  applied  since  May  are  included 
with  the  figures  for  the  other  homeless  cases. 

Among  the  special  undertakings  of  the  Joint  Application 
Bureau  during  the  past  year,  aside  from  the  case-work,  have 
been  the  preparation  of  extended  recommendations  for  the 
improvement  of  lodging-house  conditions,  submitted  to  the 
president  of  the  Board  of  Health  on  January  15,  and  adopted 
practically  in  their  entirety  in  March ;  the  securing  of  co- 
operation from  the  Salvation  Army,  the  Bowery  Branch  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  and  the  Department  of 
Public  Charities,  in  a  plan  to  register  certain  classes  of  homeless 
persons ;  and  the  arousing  of  interest  throughout  the  country, 
among  railroad  officials,  workers  in  public  and  private  chari- 
ties, the  press,  and  the  general  public,  in  the  subject  of  vag- 


.      INVESTIGATION  87 

rancy  and  homelessness,  by  a  report  covering  national  con- 
ditions v^hich  v^as  presented  by  the  superintendent  of  the 
Bureau  at  the  National  Conference  in  Minneapolis  in  June, 
1907,  and  by  informal  conferences  held  in  New  York  and  in 
connection  with  the  National  Conference. 

THE    INVESTIGATION    BUREAU 

On  removal  to  the  United  Charities  Building,  in  the  spring 
of  1893,  an  Investigation  Bureau  was  established  in  the  Cen- 
tral Office,  with  the  object  of  centralizing  in  it  all  the  work 
of  investigation  as  distinct  from  treatment.  Cases  referred  for 
a  report  only,  with  the  request  that  no  action  be  taken  by  the 
Society,  were  to  be  dealt  with  entirely  in  the  Bureau ;  and  a 
preliminary  investigation  to  determine  its  disposition  was  to 
be  made  of  every  application  for  assistance,  aftei  which  the 
case  was  either  to  be  closed  immediately,  because  it  did  not 
need  care,  or  was  to  be  referred  to  the  proper  district  com- 
mittee of  the  Society,  or  placed  in  charge  of  a  church,  an  in- 
stitution, or  another  society  for  the  attention  it  needed. 

In  the  fourteen  years  since  the  Bureau  was  established  its 
scope  has  fluctuated  considerably,  at  times  expanding  from 
the  original  intention,  undertaking  the  treatment  as  well  as  the 
investigation  of  certain  kinds  of  cases ;  and  at  times  contract- 
ing by  referring  to  the  districts  more  or  less  of  the  work  of 
investigation.  At  present  its  work  includes  investigating  and 
reporting  to  inquirers  on  cases  referred  to  the  Society  merely 
for  information,  with  the  exception  of  those  already  in  charge 
of  some  department  of  the  Society,  when  the  report  is  made  by 
that  department;  and  the  investigation  and  treatment  of  cer- 
tain classes  of  cases  which  apparently,  from  the  circumstances 
of  their  application,  are  not  in  need  of  district  care.  The  pre- 
liminary investigation  of  cases  which  there  is  reason  at  the 
time  of  application  to  think  would  ultimately  be  referred  to  a 
district,  is  no  longer  made  by  the  Investigation  Bureau,  such 


88  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

cases  being  referred  directly  to  the  district  within  whose 
boundaries  they  are  located.  The  investigations  are  made  by 
a  staff  of  trained  visitors,  varying  in  number  according  to  the 
demands  of  the  work,  under  the  direction  of  an  investigating 
agent.  At  present  the  number  is  nine,  and  includes  persons 
able  to  speak  Italian,  German,  French,  Polish,  and  other 
Slavonic  languages. 

During  the  year  1906-07  the  number  of  investigations  made 
by  the  Bureau  was  4,051 ;  1,210  of  these  were  cases  referred  by 
hospitals  and  dispensaries  for  report  as  to  ability  to  pay  for 
treatment.  Some  of  the  others  were  similar  requests  from  day 
nurseries.  Another  group  consisted  of  inquiries  from  societies 
in  other  cities  about  residents  of  New  York  in  whom  they  had 
a  legitimate  interest.  The  rest  were  requests  from  societies 
and  individuals  for  information  on  which  they  could  base 
action  for  persons  who  had  applied  to  them  for  help. 

The  cases  which  are  treated  by  the  Investigation  Bureau 
are  those  whose  problems  can  be  solved  by  prompt  or  at  any 
rate  simple  action,  or  who  for  some  other  reason  do  not  require 
the  continued  over-sight  and  the  diversified  plans  character- 
istic of  district  care.  They  are  the  persons  who  need  only  to 
be  placed  in  a  hospital  or  a  home  for  the  aged,  or  to  have  a  few 
weeks  in  the  country,  or  to  have  transportation  arranged  for. 
During  the  past  year  a  large  proportion  of  transportation  cases 
have  been  persons  on  their  way  back  to  Europe  from  San  Fran- 
cisco, for  whom  the  Society  has  made  arrangements  for  the 
rest  of  the  journey  at  the  request  of  the  Rehabilitation  Com- 
mittee of  that  city. 

On  the  last  day  of  the  year,  September  30,  there  were  122 
cases  pending  in  the  Bureau.  Exactly  half  of  these,  61,  had 
been  referred  merely  for  investigation.  Twenty  were  appeals 
for  medical  treatment,  assistance  in  securing  education,  and 
various  other  kind  of  help,  which  had  been  made  to  persons 
of  known  wealth  and  turned  over  by  them  to  the  Society  for 


.-r 


THE 


UNIVERSITY 


OF 


s&LIFORNA^ 


THE  COMMITTEE  ON  DISTRICT  WORK  89 

whatever  attention  was  needed.  Fifteen  were  cases  in  which 
loans  were  out-standing;  sixteen  were  of  persons  in  sanatoria 
or  other  institutions  or  in  the  country,  whose  board  or  a  small 
allowance  was  being  paid  through  the  Society,  and  two  were 
women  who  were  receiving  a  pension  during  illness ;  for  three 
persons  the  Bureau  was  providing  artificial  limbs ;  in  two  cases 
it  was  arranging  for  transportation ;  it  was  looking  after  an 
old  man  pending  his  admission  to  a  private  home;  and  await- 
ing the  report  on  a  consumptive's  application  for  admission  to 
the  state  hospital ;  and  in  the  last  of  the  122  cases  a  debt  was 
to  be  collected  for  a  society  in  another  city. 

DISTRICT    \VORIl 

District  organization  for  the  care  of  more  permanent  cases, 
with  its  local  committees,  local  offices,  district  agents,  and 
friendly  visitors,  has  from  the  beginning  been  characteristic 
of  the  Society's  system  of  caring  for  dependent  families,  as 
it  is  characteristic  of  most  charity  organization  societies  in 
large  cities. 

The  work  of  the  districts  is  under  the  supervision  of  one 
of  the  standing  committees  of  the  Central  Council.  This 
Committee  on  District  Work,  under  the  chairmanship  of  Mrs. 
Lowell  for  fifteen  years,  and  that  of  Dr.  Silas  F.  Hallock  since 
1899,  has  been  one  of  the  most  active  and  valuable  parts  of  the 
Society's  organization. 

In  the  early  years  it  reviewed  in  great  detail  the  work  of 
each  district  committee,  holding  weekly  meetings  of  two  or 
three  hours  duration  for  reading  case-records  and  discussing 
current  problems,  and  frequently  an  additional  evening  meet- 
ing as  well.  More  recently  it  has  not  systematically  reviewed 
cases,  but  has  done  so  on  request;  and  it  has  kept  in  close 
touch  with  the  districts,  keeping  acquainted  with  the  char- 
acteristics of  committees  and  district  agents,  suggesting  im- 
provements   in    methods,    promoting   uniformity,    and    giving 


90  PRESENT    ACTIVITIES 

sympathetic  and  helpful  attention  to  vexing  questions.  It  has 
been  the  source  of  many  suggestions  which  have  led  to  im- 
portant action  by  the  Council,  and  is  largely  responsible  for 
the  standard  of  case-work  which  has  developed. 

The  first  report  of  the  Committee  on  District  Committees, 
submitted  April  3,  1882,  provided  for  ^districting  the  city 
between  Fourteenth  and  Eighty-Sixth  Streets.  Twelve  dis- 
tricts were  marked  out,  six  on  each  side  of  Fifth  Avenue.  The 
boundaries  were  not  used  exactly  as  at  first  proposed,  but  the 
general  plan  was  put  into  effect.  It  was  contemplated  to  have 
ultimately  a  large  number  of  small  districts  extending  over 
all  of  Manhattan.  Little  need  was  apparent  at  that  time, 
however,  of  district  organization  north  of  Fifty-Ninth  Street 
on  the  west  side  and  of  Eighty-Sixth  on  the  east  side. 

The  first  district  organized  was  the  Tenth,  lying  east 
of  Fifth  Avenue,  between  Twenty-Third  and  Thirty-Seventh 
Streets.  This  office  was  opened  in  December,  1882.  Before 
the  end  of  the  first  year  of  the  Society's  existence  the  ter- 
ritory between  Houston  and  Seventy-Ninth  Streets  on  the 
east  side  was  covered  by  five  districts,  and  a  sixth  had  been 
established  between  Houston  and  Fourteenth  west  of  the 
Bowery.  It  had  been  found  necessary  even  before  the  first  of 
the  districts  was  organized,  to  provide  in  the  Central  Office 
for  the  care  of  cases  referred  to  the  Society,  and  this  provision 
was  continued  for  cases  living  outside  the  districts.  No  new 
districts  were  opened  until  1885,  when  three  were  added  on 
the  west  side,  extending  from  Fourteenth  Street  up  to  Fifty- 
Ninth.  Two  years  later  the  districted  territory  was  extended 
south  by  the  addition  of  the  Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth,  reaching 
to  Canal  and  Grand. 

About  this  time,  early  in  1887,  it  was  decided  that,  in  order 
to  get  the  city  covered  more  quickly  than  seemed  possible  in 
the  original  plan,  it  was  advisable  to  abandon  the  ideal  that 
had  been  in  mind  of  a  large  number  of  small  districts.  A  new 
plan  therefore  was  adopted,  by  which  all  Manhattan  from  the 


MAP  SHOWING 
EXTENSION  OF   DIS- 
TRICT WORK 

The  order  in  which  the 
territory  was  covered  by  dis- 
trict organizations  is  indi- 
cated by  the  shading,  from 
solid  black  in  1882  to  the 
lightest  shade  in  1895. 


92  PRESENT    ACTIVITIES 

Battery  to  the  Harlem  River  was  divided  into  ten  districts. 
On  June  i,  1887,  offices  were  opened  in  seven  of  them,  covering 
the  territory  between  Brooklyn  Bridge  and  One  Hundred  and 
Tenth  Street,  with  the  exception  of  the  Eighth  District,  lying 
west  of  Central  Park.  Before  the  end  of  1887  the  First  Dis- 
trict, at  the  southern  end  of  the  island,  was  organized.  The 
Harlem  office  was  opened  in  November,  1889,.  and  the  Eighth, 
completing  the  provision  for  Manhattan,  early  in  1893.  Requests 
in  behalf  of  persons  living  in  the  "outlying  territory"  beyond  the 
Harlem  River  were  at  first  taken  care  of,  "as  far  as  practicable," 
by  the  Harlem  committee,  but  in  March,  1895,  an  office  was 
opened  in  the  Bronx. 

Boundaries  were  shifted  from  time  to  time,  to  equalize  the 
work  of  the  districts,  as  conditions  in  different  localities 
changed,  but  no  radical  changes  were  made  until  January, 
1905.  At  that  time  the  First  District  was  given  up,  as  the 
development  of  business  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city  was 
rapidly  reducing  the  resident  population,  and  its  territory  was 
divided  between  the  Second  and  Third.  A  careful  study  was 
made  of  the  tendencies  of  population,  and  a  general  re-adjust- 
ment of  boundaries  was  put  into  effect,  to  provide  for  the 
changes  that  had  taken  place  and  for  those  that  were  looked 
for  in  the  next  few  years.  At  the  same  time  the  use  of  num- 
bers to  designate  the  districts  was  abandoned,  and  geographi- 
cal names  adopted  with  local  associations. 

Since  the  creation  of  Greater  New  York  the  advisability 
of  extending  our  district  organization  to  the  Boroughs  of 
Richmond  and  Queens,  neither  of  which  is  in  the  scope  of  the 
Brooklyn  Bureau  of  Charities,  has  received  consideration,  but 
it  has  seemed  best,  on  the  whole,  to  keep  for  the  present  within 
the  boundaries  of  the  old  New  York  City,  so  far  as  the  treat- 
ment of  cases  is  concerned. 

The  ten  districts  vary  in  extent  of  territory  according  to 
density  and  economic  condition  of  the  population,  from  Hud- 


THE  TEN  DISTRICTS  93 

son,  lying  compact  between  West  Forty-Sixth  and  West 
Seventy-Second  Streets,  to  the  entire  Borough  of  the  Bronx, 
with  its  twenty-six  thousand  acres.  Each  one  contains  a 
population  of  a  city  nearly  the  size  of  New  Orleans  or  Wash- 
ington, twice  as  large  as  Denver  or  Omaha.  Each  one  has 
distinct  characteristics  in  the  way  of  nationality,  housing  con- 
ditions, industrial  opportunities,  and  other  features.  In  each 
one  there  is  a  district  committee,  of  from  fifteen  to  thirty  mem- 
bers, which  holds  regular  meetings  at  frequent  intervals,  ordi- 
narily once  a  week,  to  consider  the  cases  under  care  and  plan 
for  their  interests.  The  office  force  consists  of  an  agent,  an 
assistant  agent,  and  a  stenographer,  and  in  several  cases  a 
nurse.  The  districts  which  have  no  nurse  attached  to  the 
office  are  able  to  secure  this  important  service  for  their  fam- 
ilies through  the  Avilling  co-operation  of  the  Nurses'  Settle- 
ment and  other  organizations.  There  is  also  in  each  district 
a  group  of  friendly  visitors,  men  and  women  who  undertake 
to  supply  to  certain  families  friendly  oversight  and  counsel. 
The  districts  do  not  exist  primarily  for  the  purpose  of  develop- 
ing this  form  of  volunteer  .social  service,  but  in  so  far  as  they 
are  able  to  do  so  they  secure  it  for  the  families  who  especially 
need  to  be  provided  with  friends. 

The  district  office  has  under  its  charge  on  any  given  day 
from  fifty  to  250  families,  and  in  the  course  of  the  year 
from  250  to  425.  The  ''movement  of  the  population"  "in 
a  district  is  much  slower  than  among  the  homeless  cases 
in  the  Joint  Application  Bureau  or  among  the  special  classes 
of  cases  cared  for  by  the  Investigation  Bureau.  Many  of  the 
families  are  kept  in  charge  for  more  than  a  year;  some  for 
several  years,  until,  for  example,  the  children  of  a  widow 
become  of  age  to  support  a  family.  From  day  to  day  these 
more  or  less  permanent  cases  form  a  large  proportion  of  the 
work  of  the  office,  but  in  a  long  view  of  the  work  the  charac- 
teristic type  of  case  is  one  that  is  in  charge  from  three  to 
six  months,  during  some  temporary  difficulty. 


94  PRESENT    ACTIVITIES 

During  1906-07,  3336  different  families  were  in  charge  of 
the  ten  districts,  the  smallest  number,  242,  being  in  Kips  Bay 
and  the  largest,  4^3,  in  Greenwich.  On  September  30,  1907, 
there  were  1116  under  care,  ranging  from  5  in  Harlem 
to  227  in  Greenwich.  This  was  a  hundred  more  than 
there  were  on  September  30,  1906,  and  there  has  been  an  in- 
crease of  thirty  per  cent  or  thereabouts  in  the  district  work 
month  by  month  throughout  the  year  as  compared  with 
the  preceding  year.  Chelsea  district,  where  housing  diffi- 
culties have  been  intensified  by  the  changes  due  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania tunnel,  and  Riverside,  with  its  rapidly  growing  tene- 
ment population,  have  had  the  greatest  proportional  increase 
in  work.  It  has  been  especially  noticeable  that  the  heavy  work 
of  the  winter  held  over  late  into  the  spring.  There  was  no 
perceptible  lightening  until  June,  and  the  number  of  new 
cases  taken  up  during  March,  April,  and  May  was  unusually 
large  for  the  season.  The  cold,  rainy  spring  is  doubtless  the 
chief  explanation  for  this,  more  noticeably  in  some  parts  of 
the  city  than  in  others.  The  necessity  for  fires  and  warm 
clothing,  continuing  beyond  the  usual  period  for  which  pro- 
vision is  made,  and  the  postponement  of  the  spring  house- 
cleaning  and  other  kinds  of  work  on  which  our  families 
rely,  put  them  at  a  double  disadvantage;  and  certain  forms 
of  illness  popularly  attributed  to  weather  conditions  were 
prevalent.  Throughout  the  summer  the  number  of  cases  has 
been  unusually  large,  continuing  to  be  about  thirty  per  cent 
larger  than  in  the  preceding  summer,  which  had  also  shown  an 
increase  over  the  preceding  year. 

The  pressure  of  high  rents  and  the  increasing  cost  of  many 
other  necessities  of  life,  together  with  physical  disability,  have 
been  this  year,  as  they  were  last,  the  predominating  features 
of  the  situation. 

It  is  evident  from  the  figures  given  that  the  Charity  Or- 
ganization Society's  districts  come  in  direct  touch  with  only 
a  part  of  the  dependent  population  of  the  city.    Three  thousand 


CHARACTERISTICS   OF  DISTRICT   FAMILIES 


95 


families  is  a  large  number  in  itself,  but  it  is  a  small  proportion 
of  the  families  who  probably  need  help  of  some  sort  in  the 
course  of  a  year  in  a  population  of  two  and  a  half  million.  It 
has  come  about,  as  a  result  of  the  development  of  the  city's 


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Oct     f/oV    Dec     Jan     FeW    Mar    Apr    [^au  June  Jultj    Aag.  Sept. 

Diagram  i — Number  of  cases  under  active  care  in  the  districts  in  each  month 
of  the  last  three  years  :  A-A,  1906-07  ;  B-B,  1905-06  :  C-C,  1904-05. 

public  and  private  charities  rather  than  by  conscious  selection, 
that  the  part  of  the  dependent  population  which  comes  to  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  is  a  group  with  characteristics 
of  its  own.     The  Society  never  refuses  to  undertake  a  case 


96  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

because  the  type  of  poverty  presented  by  it  is  for  any  reason 
unattractive.  The  phrase,  "That  is  not  a  C.  O:  S.  case,"  more 
often  quoted  v^ith  a  misinterpretation  outside  the  Society 
than  heard  inside,  should  be  understood  to  mean  either  that 
it  is  a  case  which  does  not  need  financial  help  or  friendly 
over-sight  from  strangers,  or  that  there  is  some  other 
agency  which  is  a  more  natural  source  of  the  help  needed. 
While  it  is  true  that  no  kind  of  suffering  resulting  from  pov- 
erty is  in  itself  beyond  the  scope  of  the  Charity  Organization 
Society,  it  has  nevertheless  come  about  that  the  families  under 
district  care  are  for  the  most  part  firmly  established  in  New 
York  and  able  to  support  themselves  except  for  a  brief  period 
or  brief  recurring  periods.  There  are  few  chronic  dependents, 
and  few  recent  immigrants.  A  large  proportion  of  the  cases 
taken  up,  over  half  last  year,  have  not  been  known  to 
the  society  before.  About  one-fourth  are  widows  with  de- 
pendent children ;  from  eight  to  ten  per  cent  are  deserted 
wives.  The  men,  in  the  other  families,  are  incapacitated  by 
illness,  age,  intemperance,  or  some  other  disability,  to  such  an 
extent  that  one  district  agent  said  a  few  months  ago,  "I  haven't 
a  normal  man  in  all  my  families" ;  and  when  the  agents  were 
asked  to  furnish  data  for  an  investigation  of  the  cost  of  living 
for  a  normal  family  in  New  York  they  had  great  difficulty  in 
finding  families  among  their  charges  who  answered  the  re- 
quirement of  the  definition,  that  both  father  and  mother  should 
be  in  fairly  good  health,  the  father  earning  the  support  for 
the  family,  the  mother  devoting  herself  chiefly  to  her  house- 
hold duties.  In  one  way  conscious  selection  has  been  exer- 
cised in  the  last  two  or  three  years.  Certain  eflforts  have  been 
made,  by  co-operation  with  dispensaries,  to  seek  out  families 
needing  help  on  account  of  tuberculosis,  in  the  hope  of  reach- 
ing them  with  assistance  before  they  should  be  driven  by 
extremity  to  ask  for  help  which  could  then  be  of  little  use. 
As  a  result  the  proportion  of  tuberculosis  cases  is  probably 


CHANGES   IN   DISTRICT  WORK  97 

slightly  larger  than  it  would  naturally  be,  and  the  average 
economic  status  very  slightly  higher. 

In  looking  back  over  the  quarter  century  there  may  be 
seen  some  changes  in  the  character  of  the  district  work.  The 
composite  character  of  the  applicants  has  been  modified  by 
a  change  in  the  relative  importance  of  different  nationalities, 
and  by  a  reduction  in  the  prominence  of  the  aged,  the  "chronic 
pauper",  and  the  hostile  and  dangerous  type.  The  changes 
in  nationality  merely  reflect  the  changes  in  the  composition  of 
the  general  population.  The  improvement  in  the  city's  pro- 
vision for  aged  and  infirm  has  removed  a  large  burden  from 
private  charity.  Generally  improved  methods  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  relief  have  affected  the  prevalence  of  the  pauper 
spirit.  The  suppression  of  mendicancy,  the  offer  of  substantial 
help  to  the  homeless,  and  growing  appreciation  of  the  Society's 
intentions  by  the  poor,  have  all  helped  to  remove  the  element 
of  personal  danger  that  the  district  agent  faced  in  her  work 
twenty  years  ago. 

The  changes  in  the  methods  of  treatment  have  been  in  the 
direction  of  procuring  more  and  more  "suitable  and  adequate'* 
relief,  relief  adapted  to  the  need  and  sufficient  to  remove  it, 
and  in  planning  more  largely  and  more  wisely  for  the  future 
of  each  family,  as  the  development  in  the  resources  of  the 
city  have  allowed  and  the  increase  of  our  knowledge  of  social 
problems  has  shown  the  way. 


RELIEF 

A  conspicuous  feature  of  the  Society's  case-work  in  recent 
years  has  been  the  substantial  increase  in  the  amount  of  relief 
expended  for  families  under  care.  Part  of  this  increase  is  due, 
undoubtedly,  to  the  increase  which  has  taken  place  in  the  cost 
of  the  necessities  of  life,  noticeably  in  rents,  which  makes  it 
require  more  money  than  it  did  twenty  or  ten  years  ago  to 
supply  the  same  proportion  of  a  family's  necessary  expenses; 
part  is  due,  also,  to  a  rising  standard  of  what  constitutes  the 
necessities  of  life  under  normal  conditions;  part  to*  the  de- 
mand for  liberality  which  is  loudly  made  by  our  recently- 
acquired  knowledge  of  the  means  of  dealing  effectively  with 
tuberculosis,  and  our  realization,  which  as  a  working  motive 
is  also  recently-acquired,  of  the  importance  of  full  nutrition 
and  physical  health  to  economic  and  moral  well-being;  and 
part,  no  doubt,  to  the  growing  tendency  to  regard  material 
relief  as  a  beneficent  instrument,  by  means  of  which  pauper- 
ism may  be  prevented  rather  than  created,  and  the  use  of 
which  does  not  necessarily  destroy  the  friendly  relation  with 
the  family. 

The  Society's  records  show  only  the  relief  actually  dis- 
bursed by  the  agents  of  the  Society.  A  very  large,  but  inde- 
terminable, amount  of  relief  is  secured  by  the  Society  for 
families  in  its  care  which  does  not  pass  through  its  hands,  and 
is  therefore  not  included  in  its  figures. 


RELIEF   OBTAINED  99 

The  following  table  shows  the  increase  that  has  taken  place 
in  the  last  six  years : 

1901-02     $31,488.07 

1902-03     39.700-33 

1903-04 38,206.08 

1904-05   (15  months)    45.90749 

(Year  at  same  rate 36,875.00) 

1905-06 52,987.29 

1906-07  81,646.70 


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Diagram  2— Relief  disbursed  by  the  Society  as  intermediary,  1901-07, 


lOO  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

The  $81,646.70  disbursed  in  relief  during  1906-07  was  de- 
rived from  several  sources.  About  one-third,  $26,013.76,  was 
secured  on  the  "case-by-case  system",  on  the  basis  of  a  state- 
ment of  the  needs  of  a  particular  family  to  some  one  with  a 
natural  interest  in  that  family  or  with  a  general  interest  in 
the  poor  ready  to  be  directed  toward  a  specific  case,  or  to  a 
society  or  church  on  which  the  family  had  some  claim,  or 
to  the  newspaper-reading  public.  Most  of  the  rest  was  de- 
rived from  gifts  which  have  been  made  for  special  kinds  of 
need.  Only  a  small  fraction  was  from  funds  contributed  in 
advance  for  general  relief. 

The  policy  of  the  Society  toward  the  giving  of  material 
relief  has  not  changed  since  its  organization,  except  to  increase 
the  emphasis  placed  on  the  adjective  "adequate"  which  quali- 
fies "relief"  in  the  original  statement  of  one  of  its  purposes, 
"to  obtain  adequate  and  suitable  relief  for  deserving  cases.'* 
In  common  with  other  charity  organization  societies  it  voiced 
a  protest  against  considering  material  relief  the  only  kind 
of  aid  to  be  given  and  emphasized  the  im.portance  of  relief 
by  friendly  counsel  and  aid  in  securing  work.  Its  founders  as- 
sumed, as  did  the  founders  of  many  other  like  societies,  that 
the  resources  of  their  city  for  material  relief  were  already  ade- 
quate, and  sought  to  use  these  resources  instead  of  developing 
others.  As  long  as  the  New  York  Association  for  Improving 
the  Condition  of  the  Poor  furnished  material  relief  for  cases 
under  the  care  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society  "adequate 
and  suitable"  relief  of  this  kind  was  obtainable  from  that  so- 
ciety and  other  sources  without  any  more  intimate  connection 
with  any  relief  agency.  When  in  1899  this  resource  was  with- 
drawn by  the  Association  the  Provident  Relief  Fund  was  es- 
tablished to  furnish  the  material  relief  previously  received  from 
the  Association  to   whatever  extent  it  might  not  otherwise  be 


SOURCES  OF  RELIEF  lOI 

obtained.  In  this  form  a  small  fund  available  for  general  pur- 
poses of  relief  has  ever  since  been  maintained  by  friends  of  the 
Society.  From  time  to  time  gifts  to  be  used  for  special  classes 
of  dependent  families  have  been  received.  Among  such  gifts 
available  in  1906-07  was  one  for  the  benefit  of  women  with 
dependent  children,  and  one  for  making  loans  to  enable  appli- 
cants to  become  self-supporting. 

The  Society  does  not  use  the  newspapers  of  the  city  for  its 
general  appeals,  but  for  years  it  has  pursued  the  policy  of 
sending  to  them  from  time  to  time  statements  of  the  circum- 
stances of  any  of  its  families  for  whom  it  desires  to  make  an 
appeal  to  the  general  public,  without  names  or  addresses  or 
other  data  that  would  allow  identification.  The  determination 
of  the  cases  suitable  for  such  appeal  and  of  how  the  case  shall 
be  stated  has  been  in  charge  of  a  committee  which  considers 
carefully  each  statement  suggested  by  a  district  committee  be- 
fore it  is  sent  to  the  press.  During  1906-07  $5,511.25  was 
received  in  response  to  the  newspaper  appeals. 

This  method  of  securing  relief  has  a  definite,  if  limited, 
success  and  usefulness.  The  cases  for  which  it  is  used  are 
those  in  which  natural  sources  of  assistance  are  wanting,  and 
even  from  among  them  a  careful  selection  is  made  of  such  as 
have  elements  apt  to  be  appealing  to  the  ''average"  man  or 
woman,  and  capable  of  accurate  presentation  in  a  few  words. 
The  frequent  recurrence  of  the  same  combinations  of  initials, 
in  the  contributions  received  in  response  to  these  appeals, 
suggests  that  there  are  contributors  who  systematically 
choose  this  method  of  making  their  gifts. 

The  purposes  for  which  the  large  sum  of  money  derived 
from  these  various  sources  was  expended,  is  of  interest.  A 
classification  of  the  $47,863.00  disbursed  in  the  last  seven 
months  of  the  year  may  be  taken  as  typical  of  the  distribution 
of  the  total. 


I02 


PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 


Distribution  of  Relief  Disbursed  March-September,  1907. 


Purpose 


Pensions  

Rent    

Provisions  and  meals. 

Loans    

Board    

Transportation    

Clothing 

Day   Camp    

Wage  loss 

Fuel    

Sanatorium  treatment 
Medical  assistance .  . . , 

Furnishings   

Lodgings    

Miscellaneous    


All  purposes 


Amount 


$47,863.00 


Per  Cent 


$12,366.90 

25.84 

10,071.97 

21.04 

6,959.03 

14.54 

4,962.22 

10.37 

3,938.31 

8.22 

1,924.73 

4.02 

1,616.97 

3.38 

1,409.81 

2.95 

1,046.07 

2.19 

930.00 

1.94 

726.15 

1.52 

705.79 

1.47 

473.31 

0.99 

233.74 

0.49 

498.00 

1.04 

100.00 


The  importance  of  the  item  for  pensions,  indicating  as 
it  does  a  plan  of  treatment,  a  comprehensive  study  of  the 
family's  situation,  not  a  doling  out  from  week  to  week  of 
what  at  the  moment  may  seem  indispensable,  is  very  signifi- 
cant. "Wage  loss"  represents  children  kept  a{  school  and 
consumptives  kept  in  sanatoria.  If  the  aggregate  sum  applied 
for  the  purpose  of  restoring  physical  health  could  be  gathered 
together  from  all  these  items — not  only  the  sanatorium  care 
and  medical  supplies  and  the  expense  of  the  day  camp  on  the 
old  ferry-boat,  but  also  the  pensions  given  to  enable  a  man  or 
woman  to  take  the  rest  from  work  that  they  need  without 
bringing  privation  to  their  families ;  the  rent  paid  for  light, 
Avell-ventilated  rooms,  to  take  the  place  of  dark  bed-rooms 
or  damp  basements;  the  milk  and  eggs  included  with  "pro- 
visions" ;  the  weeks  in  the  country  or  at  a  convalescent  home 


PURPOSE  OF  EXPENDITURES 


103 


Diagram  3 — Purposes  for  which   the  relief  disbursed  in  seven 
months  of  1907  was  applied. 


which  are  classified  under  "board";  the  "transportation" 
which  is  accessory  to  this  and  to  sanatorium  care;  and  even 
the  new  beds  bought  for  consumptives  that  they  may  sleep 
alone  and  the  warm  clothing  they  need  in  the  Adirondacks, 
which  are  among  the  "furnishings"  and  "clothing" — we 
should  have  a  better  conception  than  we  can  get  in  any  other 
way  of  the  degree  in  which  dependence  is  a  matter  of  physical 
disability  and  of  the  manifold  ways  in  which  relief  is  being 
used  to  remove  this  cause  of  poverty. 


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ACTIVITIES  "TO   PROCURE  W^ORH" 

To  assist  persons  who  through  no  choice  of  their  own  are 
out  of  work  in  finding  employment  suited  to  their  powers, 
and  to  bring  those  who  prefer  idleness  to  a  perception  of 
the  indispensability  of  work  in  a  satisfactory  scheme  of  life 
for  themselves,  have  been  underlying  motives  in  the  work 
of  the  Charity  Organization  Society  throughout  its  existence. 

The  Wood  Yard,  the  Laundry,  and  the  Special  Employ- 
ment Bureau  for  the  Handicapped  are  the  existing  depart- 
ments which  have  been  established  specifically  with  these 
objects  in  view.  The  Work  Rooms  for  Unskilled  Women 
should  be  mentioned  in  this  connection,  although  they  have 
been  discontinued.  For  ten  years,  from  January,  1894,  to 
June,  1904,  the  Work  Rooms  were  conducted  by  the  Central 
Auxiliary  Committee  of  Women,  first  at  49  Prospect  Place, 
after  1900  in  the  Industrial  Building,  to  give  to  untrained 
women  such  work  as  they  could  do.  Remodelling  old  gar- 
ments for  their  own  families,  sewing  carpet  rags,  making 
rugs,  and  in  the  later  years  cooking  and  serving  dinner  for 
the  Laundry  women,  were  the  occupations  which  could  be 
carried  on.  As  only  the  rag-carpeting  had  a  marketable  value 
the  Rooms  could  not  be  made  self-supporting,  and  difficulty 
in  securing  the  necessary  income  obliged  the  committee  to 
close  them,  though  confident  of  the  benefit  they  had  given  and 
might  continue  to  give. 

The  Society  has  never  maintained  any  free  general  em- 
ployment bureau.  On  the  contrary  it  has  carefully  considered 
the  advisability  of  doing  so  and  decided  against  it.  The  dis- 
trict agents  and  the  reception  agent  have  served  to  a  certain 


WORK  FOR  UNSKILLED  MEN.  IO7 

extent,  quite  informally,  as  intermediaries  between  employ- 
ers and  would-be  employes,  especially  in  the  matter  of  days' 
work;  and  the  securing  of  employment  for  persons  under  the 
Society's  care,  by  personal  efforts  or  by  making  use  of  reliable 
commercial  agencies,  is  one  of  the  ordinary  forms  of  "treat- 
ment." During  the  past  year  temporary  work,  not  including 
reference  to  the  Wood  Yard  and  the  Laundry,  was  secured 
131 1  times  by  the  ten  districts,  the  Investigation,  Mendicancy, 
Joint  Application,  and  Reception  Bureaus;  and  work  that 
should  have  been  permanent,  though  in  many  cases  it  did 
not  prove  to  be  so,  583  times.  The  Laundry  and  the  Wood 
Yard  also  keep  lists  of  available  women  and  men  and  provide 
them  with  work  as  they  have  opportunity. 

THE    >VOOD    YARD 

The  Wood  Yard  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  Society's  insti- 
tutions. Except  for  the  two  years  when  its  management  was 
transferred  to  an  independent  organization  in  the  hope  that 
heartier  support  would  in  that  way  be  secured  from  the  char- 
ities of  the  city,  it  has  been  carried  on  by  the  Society  every 
year  since  1884.  Until  1893  it  was  a  tenant  of  some  wood- 
dealer,  but  when  the  land  on  West  Twenty-Eighth  Street 
was  bought  for  the  Wayfarers'  Lodge  it  was  established 
there.  It  is  still  on  the  lots  adjoining  the  Industrial  Building 
and  its  offices  are  on  the  ground  floor  of  the  building. 

The  Wood  Yard  was  started  "not  with  any  idea  of  provid- 
ing work  at  fair  prices  for  the  unemployed,  but  purely  as  a 
means  by  which  to  test  the  good  faith  of  those  seeking  relief 
under  the  plea  of  inability  to  procure  work",  and  in  the  early 
years  there  seems  to  have  been  little  expectation  that  it  could 
be  made  self-supporting.  Gradually,  however,  a  market  was 
developed  for  all  the  wood  cut,  and  the  sale  of  tickets  increased, 
until  the  operations  of  the  winter  of  1889-90  resulted  in  a 
surplus.    The  surplus  increased  for  three  years,  and  then  the 


I08  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

expenses  incidental  to  the  maintenance  of  the  Wayfarers* 
Lodge  produced  a  deficit.  After  1898,  however,  the  deficit 
disappeared,  and  by  1902-03,  the  year  when  scarcity  of  coal 
put  wood  at  a  premium,  there  was  an  accumulated  surplus  of 
$5,035.  Since  then  this  surplus  has  been  gradually  decreasing, 
and  the  Committee  is  now  facing  the  probability  that  the 
Wood  Yard  will  within  a  few  years  cease  to  be  self-supporting. 
"We  cannot  expect",  it  was  stated  a  year  ago,  "to  make  money 
as  was  once  possible  when  the  streets  were  full  of  beggars, 
the  purchase  of  tickets  popular,  and  there  were  few  workers 
in  the  Yard  who  were  not  paid  for  by  somebody.  The  Com- 
mittee is  of  the  opinion  that  the  risk  of  loss  must  be  taken 
and  the  homeless  cases  met  and  cared  for." 

Men  are  admitted  to  the  Wood  Yard  on  presentation  of 
tickets,  each  one  of  which  entitles  to  the  privilege  of  perform- 
ing a  "day's  work",  the  cutting  of  about  one-eighth  of  a  cord 
of  wood.  This  can  be  done  in  less  than  three  hours.  Lighter 
work  is  provided  for  the  men  who  are  not  strong.  On  com- 
pletion of  his  task  each  "man  with  a  home"  receives  fifty 
cents  in  cash,  and  each  homeless  man  not  sent  by  the  Muni- 
cipal Lodging  House  receives  two  meals  and  a  night's  lodging 
at  one  of  several  houses  with  whose  proprietors  the  Committee 
has  arrangements.  The  Municipal  Lodging  House  men  are 
paying  for  the  entertainment  they  have  already  received  from 
the  city. 

During  the  past  year  about  70  per  cent  of  the  homeless 
men  have  been  Municipal  Lodging  House  giic^ts,  sent  to 
the  Wood  Yard  by  the  superintendent  in  the  morning  after 
their  night  at  the  city's  expense;  and  nearly  three-fourths 
of  the  men  with  homes  have  been  sent  by  the  Charity  Organi- 
zation Society.  The  tickets  presented  by  both  these  classes 
of  men  are  not  paid  for.  Most  of  the  rest  of  the  homeless 
men  have  come  from  the  Joint  Application  Bureau,  and  until 
the  spring  of  1907  their  tickets  were  supplied  free  of  charge. 
This  leaves  only  a  small  proportion  now  whose  tickets  are 


WORK   FOR  UNSKILLED   WOMEN  IO9 

paid  for  by  other  charitable  organizations  or  by  persons  who 
buy  them  to  give  to  the  beggars  they  encounter  on  the  street 
or  at  home. 

The  total  income  from  the  sale  of  tickets  in  the  year  1906-07 
was  $1,461.00,  almost  four  times  as  much  as  in  1905-06,  but  a 
small  sum  in  comparison  with  some  years,  such  as  the  hard 
winter  of  1894,  when  it  reached  $3,409.80.  The  gross  income 
from  sales  of  wood  cut  in  the  yard  was  $34,209.50;  9,534  days' 
work  were  performed,  4,289  by  homeless  men,  and  5,245  by 
men  with  homes. 

the:  laundry 

An  old  newspaper  article  which  discusses  the  "thoroughly 
mercenary  character  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society 
boldly  set  forth  in  its  annual  report  just  published,"  describes 
the  Laundry  as  "an  effort  to  get  hold  of  the  washing  industry" 
of  the  city.  An  unsuccessful  effort  it  must  have  seemed,  for 
at  that  time,  as  indeed  for  the  ten  years  that  it  was  located 
on  Park  Avenue,  it  was  largely  "an  adjunct  of  the  work  in 
the  Seventh  and  Ninth  Districts."  Expansion  began  with  its 
removal  to  the  Industrial  Building  in  1900,  where  it  now  occu- 
pies all  of  the  house  except  the  ground  floor.  It  is  still  a 
charitable  and  educational  agency,  however,  and  not  a  com- 
mercial enterprise. 

During  the  year  just  ended  11,534  days'  work  were  per- 
formed in  it  by  244  different  women,  of  whom  148  w^ere 
employed  this  year  for  the  first  time;  and  160  applications  for 
laundresses  were  filled.  The  amount  charged  for  laundry  work 
done  was  $20,086.66.  The  individual  earnings  of  the  women 
vary  from  sixty  cents  to  $1.25  a  day,  according  to  efficiency, 
averaging  about  ninety  cents,  and  a  nourishing  dinner  is  also 
provided. 

The  Laundry  is  not  quite  self-supporting.  Each  year  there 
is  a  loss  of  from  two  to  ten  per  cent  on  the  business,  which 
is  made  up  by  donations.     Considering  the  problem  which  is 


no 


PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 


involved,  the  production  of  good  work  with  labor  that  is 
largely  unskilled  and  even  on  the  whole  below  the  average  in 
natural  capacity,  the  net  cost  of  the  Laundry  is  remarkably 
small.  Its  object  is  not  primarily  to  be  a  financial  success, 
but  to  train  women  who  have  no  means  of  earning  a  living 
in  an  industry  by  which  they  can  support  their  families,  and 
incidentally  to  give  temporary  employment  to  these  women 
when  they  are  out  of  work.  Most  of  them  are  widows  with 
small  children,  or  women  whose,  husbands  are  ill.  The  degree 
to  which  Laundry  and  women  have  been  rendered  self-sup- 
porting   is    testimony    to    the    good   management   it   has   had 


/^^ 


/^(TV 


Oct.,    Jiec-^    F&ls:      Apr.  ^   JUnt      Aug. 

rVoV       Jan.      Mar.      Matj     Uulu    -^Sept. 

Diagram  4— Days'  work  performed  at  the  Laundry  each  month  of  the  last  two 
years:  the  black  part  of  the  column  indicates  the  number  in  1Q05-06  ;  the  entire 
tolumii,  the  number  in  igo6-o7  ;  the  shaded  part  represents  therefore  the  increase  for 
each  month  of  this  year  over  the  corresponding  month  of  the  year  before. 


THE  SPECIAL  EMPLOYMENT  BUREAU  III 

through  both  its  Committee  and  its  superintendents,  and  the 
individual  stories  of  the  women,  if  they  could  be  told,  would 
convince  of  the  wisdom  of  carrying  on  the  work  even  if  it 
were  a  heavier  drain  than  it  is  on  charitable  contributions. 

The  number  of  days'  work  was  i8  per  cent  higher  this 
year  than  last.  The  gain  each  month  over  the  corresponding 
month  of  the  year  before,  and  also  the  fluctuations  of  the  work 
with  the  migration  of  patrons  to  and  from  the  city,  are  shown 
in  the  accompanying  diagram. 

the:  special  employment  bureau  for 
THE  handicappe:d 

To  study  the  abilities  of  persons  handicapped  physically, 
mentally,  or  socially;  to  find  work  adapted  to  their  powers 
which  would  enable  them  to  be  "wholly  or  partially  self- 
supporting";  to  persuade  employers  to  accept  a  responsibility 
toward  them,  were  the  tasks  which  had  to  be  faced  in  estab- 
lishing this  Employment  Bureau.  There  were  no  precedents 
for  method,  as  this  was  the  first  attempt  of  the  kind  ever 
made,  and  the  early  months  were  necessarily  experimental. 

Efforts  were  made  at  first  to  secure  publicity,  through  the 
daily  papers  and  the  trade  magazines,  and  to  gain  the  co- 
operation of  large  employers,  but  gradually  it  became  clear 
that  this  was  not  the  most  profitable  way  to  work.  Attention 
was  then  centered  on  the  smaller  employers,  who  have  been 
found  more  ready  to  give  the  time  and  thought  which  co- 
operation requires.  Gradually,  too,  the  agencies  which  refer 
applicants  have  learned  to  distinguish  better  than  they  did 
at  first  between  those  who  are  only  handicapped  and  those 
who  are  incapacitated  for  any  kind  of  remunerative  work. 
The  methods  which  are  now  being  pursued  by  the  Bureau 
include  keeping  an  accurate  record  of  each  applicant's  quali- 
fications, frequently  with  a  physician's  opinion  as  to  what 
kinds  of  work  are  permissible,  and  of  the  Bureau's  experience 
with  him ;  patiently  building  up   a  list  of  employers  whose 


112  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

assistance  can  be  counted  on ;  finding  among  the  applicants 
persons  who  can  fill  positions  offered,  actively  seeking  posi- 
tions for  the  others;  providing  training  for  some,  and  medical 
assistance  for  others  in  order  that  they  may  become  qualified 
for  new  tasks. 

During  the  eighteen  months  since  the  Bureau  began  work 
II 37  applications  have  been  registered  and  450  placements 
made,  a  ratio  of  two  placements  to  five  applications.  This 
ratio  is  considerably  higher  (more  than  one  placement  to  two 
applications)  for  the  last  eight  months,  since  a  larger  number 
of  employers  have  become  interested  and  the  applicants  have 
had  a  higher  average  of  efficiency.  Considering  the  character 
of  the  labor  offered  and  the  prejudice  of  most  employers 
against  an  employe  in  any  capacity  who  is  not  able  to  work 
at  full  speed,  the  results  are  very  encouraging.  The  340 
placements  of  the  last  eight  months  are  only  a  part  of  the 
product  of  the  896  calls  made  by  the  agent  on  employers,  the 
219  on  applicants,  the  1820  interviews  at  the  office  with  appli- 
cants and  the  864  with  consultatives,  and  all  the  ingenuity 
that  could  "be  brought  to  bear  on  individual  problems.  •  There 
are  other  results  that  will  show  in  next  year's  figures:  the 
knowledge  which  is  being  worked  out  by  experience  of  the 
kinds  of  work  possible  in  connection  with  certain  kinds  of 
disability ;  and  the  allies  enrolled  in  the  employers  who  "of- 
fered" 263  opportunities  during  this  period. 

A  descriptive  analysis  has  been  made  of  the  596  new  appli- 
cations and  the  314  placements  of  the  seven  months  ending 
September  30.  The  largest  group  among  the  new  applicants 
was  of  those  disabled  by  some  crippling  disease,  generally 
rheumatism,  numbering  125 ;  120  were  convalescents ;  94  were 
handicapped  by  age ;  56  were  in  an  early  stage  of  pulmonary 
tuberculosis  and  17  more  were  suffering  from  other  forms  of 
tuberculosis ;  25  were  partially  blind,  two  totally  Blind ;  20 
had  lost  a  hand,  17  a  foot,  and  two  more  than  one  limb;  17 
.were    mentallv    diseased    and   four   were    mentallv   defective ; 


ifNf 


^Q        Of 


NATURE  OF   DISABILITY 


113 


Diagram  5 — Character  of  the  handicaps  among  applicants  to  the 
Special  Employment  Bureau. 


13  were  suffering  from  nervous  diseases. and  i6  from  diseases 
of  the  circulatory  system ;  nine  were  inebriates  and  eight  had 
a  criminal  record;  four  were  defective  in  speech  or  hearing 
and  there  v^ere  two  epileptics ;  a  miscellaneous  group  of  eight 
included  corpulency,  hay  fever,  cancer,  and  loss  of  a  singing 
voice;  four  had  become  unfitted  for  their  previous  employment 
and  were  not  yet  re-adjusted;  and  the  remaining  33  had. 
more  than  one  handicap.  In  177  of  the  596  cases,  about  30 
per  cent,  the  present  disability  was  traceable  in  some  degree 
to  conditions  of  employment.  Seventy-nine  per  cent  of  the 
applicants  had  "some  degree  of  training";  their  advantage  over 
those  who  were  "wholly  untrained"  is  indicated  by  the  fact 
that  this  79  per  cent  of  the  applicants  furnished  83  per  cent 
of  the  placements. 


114  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

Of  the  314  placements  during  this  period  63  were  in  tem- 
porary positions.  The  251  placements  in  positions  which  the 
applicant,  on  entering,  expected  to  hold  indefinitely,  or  for  a 
period  of  more  than  four  weeks,  were  the  following :  domestic 
servants,  58;  factory  workers,  26;  janitors  and  furnace  men, 
22;  messengers  and  delivery  men,  20;  ''handy  men"  and  "util- 
ity women",  20;  country  laborers,  17;  clerks,  14;  porters,  14; 
watchmen,  9;  newsdealers,  6;  slot  machine  tenders,  6;  drivers, 
6;  elevator  and  door  men,  5 ;  attendants,  5;  job  carpenters,  3; 
manicurists,  3;  restaurant  helpers,  2;  guides,  2;  employes  in 
a  country  hotel,  2;  and  one  berry  picker,  one  bootblack,  one 
day  laborer,  one  needleworker,  one  orderly,  one  telegraph 
operator,  one  printer,  one  locksmith,  one  assistant  matron,  one 
cutter,  one  motorman. 

The  wages  of  these  positions  ranged  from  two  to  twenty 
dollars  per  week,  the  average  being  $8.36. 

A  large  proportion  of  these  persons  are  at  time  of  application 
dependent  on  charity;  others  are  on  the  verge  of  dependence. 
Those  for  whom  employment  can  be  found  by  these  special 
efforts  are  helped  to  become  partially,  in  many  cases  wholly, 
self-supporting ;  they  are  also  saved  from  the  hard  fate  of  feel- 
ing useless.  Discharged  criminals  are  given  a  chance  to  try 
again  and  cured  consumptives  are  enabled  to  earn  a  living 
without  returning  to  the  conditions  which  induced  the  dis- 
ease. On  the  economic  side  the  work  cannot  but  commend 
itself  as  the  utilization  of  labor  force  that  would  otherwise 
be  idle.  It  is  even  more  appealing  in  its  possibilities  for  check- 
ing the  progress  of  disease  and  for  restoring  unfortunate  men 
and  women  to  independence. 


THE    PROMOTION    OF    THE   GENERAL    WELFARE 
OF    THE    POOR 

It  has  been  made  sufficiently  clear  that  the  underlying 
purpose  of  all  the  Society's  activities  is  the  welfare  of  the 
poor.  Investigation,  registration,  district  care,  temporary  or 
special  employment,  and  material  relief  are  all  directed 
towards  the  promotion  of  the  permanent  as  distinct  from  the 
momentary  need,  of  the  common  welfare  rather  than  the 
exclusive  advantage  of  individuals,  of  efficiency,  sound  habits 
of  industry,  the  capacity  for  self-support,  and  mutually  help- 
ful social  and  industrial  relations.  While  workers  in  the  So- 
ciety are  not  indifferent  to  need  in  the  individual,  there  is 
ever  present,  as  the  foundation  of  its  policies,  a  conviction 
that  if  the  conditions  of  living  can  be  improved ;  if  reasonable 
opportunities  for  employment,  saving,  and  self-support  can 
be  assured;  if  the  public  health  can  be  protected,  and  the 
administration  of  those  public  departments  which  have  to  do 
more  directly  with  the  welfare  of  the  poor  can  be  carried  on 
with  honesty  and  efficiency;  if  justice  can  be  secured  for  the 
individual  by  even-handed  and  considerate  action  of  courts, 
prlice,  and  correctional  institutions;  if  the  social  forces  which 
directly  undermine  character,  those  which  break  down  physi- 
cal health  and  vigor,  and  those  which  tend  to  lower  the 
standard  of  living,  can  be  controlled,  then  there  will  eventually 
be  little  need  for  relief  and  it  will  be  possible  for  the  charitable 
impulse  to  find  ample  scope  on  a  higher  and  more  satisfying 
plane.  The  improvement  of  social  conditions,  and  the  promo- 
tion of  the  general  welfare  of  the  poor,  have  therefore  con- 


Il6  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

stantly  become  relatively  more  important  objects  of  the  So- 
ciety's work. 

Three  of  the  special  activities  of  the  Society  which  have 
to  do  with  general  conditions,  the  suppression  of  mendicancy, 
housing  reform,  and  the  prevention  of  tuberculosis,  although 
antedating  the  establishment  of  the  Department  for  the  Im- 
provement of  Social  Conditions,  are  now  incorporated  in  that 
Department,  and  the  standing  committees  which  deal  with 
them  are  continued  under  the  general  supervision  of  the  second 
section  of  the  Executive  Committee,  which  is  authorized  to 
initiate  other  similar  movements  as  may  be  found  from  time 
to  time  advisable. 

This  Department,  which  came  into  existence  in  January 
of  this  year,  gave  special  attention  during  the  legislative  ses- 
sion to  the  proposed  amendments  to  the  Tenement  House  Act, 
and  to  other  questions  of  legislation  relating  to  living  and 
working  conditions!  As  a  result  of  its  efforts,  in  co-operation 
with  other  organizations,  especially  the  Consumers'  League, 
no  objectionable  legislation  relative  to  the  hours  of  labor  of 
women  and  children  was  passed  during  the  session,  although 
much  was  proposed.  In  consequence  of  the  discussions  at- 
tending such  bills  as  were  introduced,  a  comprehensive  in- 
vestigation into  the  conditions  of  labor  of  women  and 
children  in  the  canning  industry  of  this  state  has  been 
carried  on  during  the  summer  under  the  supervision 
of  the  Department  jointly  with  the  Consumers'  League.  The 
report  of  this  investigation  throws  much  light  on  the  condi- 
tions existing  in  this  trade  and  will  be  of  permanent  value, 
not  only  in  this  state  but  throughout  the  country.  The  De- 
partment now.  has  under  consideration  a  comprehensive  pro- 
gram of  investigation,  educational  propaganda  and  remedial 
work  in  many  directions,  which  will  occupy  for  an  indefinite 
period  much  of  the  attention  of  the  Society  and  of  those 
whose  co-operation  can  be  secured  for  carrying  it  into  effect. 


HOUSING  REFORM  II7 

THE    TENEMENT    HOUSE    COMMITTEE: 

The  present  work  of  the  Tenement  House  Committee  is 
the  prosecution  of  the  definite  aims  for  which  it  was  organized 
nine  years  ago:  securing  the  enforcement  of  existing  laws 
protecting  the  health  and  safety  of  tenement  dwellers ;  closelv 
following  new  legislation  affecting  the  tenement  question,  op- 
posing dangerous  bills  and  supporting  beneficial  measures ; 
studying  present  housing  problems ;  and  carrying  on  an  active 
educational  campaign  for  better  tenement  conditions.  The 
efforts  of  the  committee  have  been  primarily  for  New  York, 
but  there  has  also  been  active  co-operation  with  work  for  im- 
proved housing  in  other  cities.  Advance  in  housing  reform 
has  marked  the  past  year  throughout  the  country,  and  the 
Committee  has  been  in  touch  with  many  of  the  movements,  es- 
pecially those  in  Chicago,  Philadelphia,  and  Pittsburgh. 

As  a  result  of  the  winter's  work  no  objectionable  tene- 
ment house  legislation  was  enacted  in  the  session  of  1907, 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that  twenty-five  different  measures 
of  this  nature  were  introduced,  an  unusually  large  number. 
Three  measures  were  enacted,  but  none  of  these  was  opposed 
by  the  Tenement  House  Committee.  One  of  them,  introduced 
at  the  request  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of  General  Sessions, 
strengthens  the  law  materially  with  regard  to  prostitution 
in   tenement  houses. 

Convinced  that  a  proper  enforcement  of  the  law  was  im- 
possible with  the  insufficient  force  of  workers  then  at  his 
command,  the  Committee  supported  the  request  of  the  Tene- 
ment House  Commissioner  for  an  increased  appropriation. 
A  report  of  facts  bearing  on  the  case,  such  as  the  inadequacy 
of  the  twenty-eight  "old-building"  inspectors  for  44,000  old 
tenement  houses  in  Brooklyn,  Queens  and  Richmond,  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  Mayor  and  given  out  to  the  newspapers,  and  an 
increase  of  over  $50,000  was  granted  by  the  Board  of  Estimate 
and  Apportionment. 


Il8  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

During  the  winter  an  inspection  was  made  of  107  recently 
installed  out-door  water-closets,  at  times  when  the  tempera- 
ature  was  below  freezing  point.  The  conditions  which  were 
found  demonstrated  clearly  the  advisability  of  embodying  in 
the  law  a  requirement  that  all  toilet  accommodations  here- 
after constructed  for  old  tenement  houses  as  well  as  new  be 
within  the  buildings.  Another  investigation  made  during  the 
year,  of  200  two-family  houses  erected  since  the  passage  of 
the  Tenement  House  Act,  showed  that  thirty-six  per  cent  of 
them  were  subsequently  occupied  as  tenements  in  spite  of  such 
conditions  as  dark,  interior  bed-rooms,  and  inadequately 
lighted  and  ventilated  toilets,  and  points  to  the  urgent  neces- 
sity for  action  to  prevent  the  continuance  of  this  state  of  affairs. 
,  In  October,  1906,  a  special  number  of  Charities,  on  the 
progress  of  the  housing  movement  in  America  and  Europe, 
edited  by  the  secretary  of  the  Committee,  was  widely  dis- 
tributed. The  Committee  acts  as  a  bureau  of  information  for 
those  interested  in  housing  reform,  placing  at  their  service 
for  consultation  its  collection  of  literature  on  the  housing 
question,  its  photographs  and  investigation  schedules,  and 
other  reference  material  of  all  kinds. 

THE    COMMITTEli:    ON     THE.  PREVENTION 
or    TUBERCULOSIS 

The  eflforts  of  the  Society  to  check  the  spread  of  tubercu- 
losis and  to  improve  the  condition  of  individual  consumptives 
cover  a  period  which  again  tempts  to  retrospect  and  review. 
At  the  end  of  five  years  the  Committee  on  the  Prevention  of 
Tuberculosis  counts  as  its  important  achievements  the  pro- 
gram it  has  worked  out  for  an  effective  educational  propa- 
ganda and  the  opportunity  it  has  given  to  dispensaries  to  de- 
velop a  comprehensive  district  plan  of  dispensary  treatment 
for  poor  patients  and  to  standardize  such  treatment. 

The  contributions  to  educational  work  have  been  of  two 
kinds.    The  Handbook  and  the  Directory,  together  with  sev- 


THE  TRAVELLING  TUBERCULOSIS  EXHIBIT  1 19 

eral  pamphlet  publications,  are  a"  reference  library  of  facts 
and  principles  which  has  been  of  the  greatest  assistance  to 
the  pioneers  in  tuberculosis  work  in  other  places,  and  has 
had  a  direct  influence  in  informing  public  opinion  and  creating 
a  general  interest  in  preventive  measures  all  over  the  country. 
While  in  this  way  educating  the  educators,  the  Committee 
has  also  been  trying  out  various  plans  for  getting  the  essential 
information  before  the  general  public,  and  has  arrived  at  a 
fairly  definite  idea  of  the  relative  productivity  of  different 
methods,  and  a  fairly  well  crystallized  equipment  for  general 
educational  work  at  the  present  time.  The  "Don't  card", 
evolved  by  much  attrition  from  the  long  circulars  in  unintelli- 
gible language  which  used  to  be  the  principal  instrument 
for  imparting  information,  has  become  the  standard  form  ot 
literature  for  general  use;  the  use  of  the  daily  newspaper  has 
been  developed;  and  the  travelling  exhibit,  administering  in- 
struction in  the  guise  of  entertainment,  has  been  adopted  as 
the  best  educational  device,  not  only  a  new  method  but  also  a 
means  for  enhancing  the  efficacy  of  lecture  and  literature. 

At  the  beginning  of  last  year  the  Committee's  exhibit  was 
being  shown  in  Brooklyn  by  the  Brooklyn  Committee  on  the 
Prevention  of  Tuberculosis,  to  whom  it  had  been  loaned  in 
June.  On  its  return  in  January  it  was  again  put  in  circulation 
in  Manhattan,  and  was  exhibited  at  fifteen  places  in  the  nine 
months,  to  an  aggregate  audience  of  70,495  persons.  The  fif- 
teen places  were  five  public  libraries,  four  public  schools,  one 
parochial  school,  one  immigrant  school,  two  settlements,  and 
two  branches  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association.  The 
exhibit  consists  of  249  framed  photographs  and  charts,  thir- 
teen models,  and  ten  pathological  specimens,  all  packed  and 
mounted  in  such  a  way  that  the  exhibition  can  be  set  up  or 
knocked  down  in  a  day.  It  is  widely  advertised  by  hand-bills 
and  local  newspaper  notices,  and  once  even  in  theater  pro- 
grams. Thousands  of  circulars  are  distributed  to  the  visitors ; 
evening  lectures   are   arranged   for   adults ;   and   the   children 


120 


PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 


from  the  neighboring  schools  are  sent  to  it  in  charge  of  their 
teachers,  as  a  part  of  their  regular  work.  The  intelligent  in- 
terest expressed  by  the  school  children,  and  the  knowledge 
they  gain  as  shown  in  the  compositions  they  write  about  it, 
is  one  of  the  most  encouraging  features. 

Lectures  were  given  at  129  places  last  year  in  addition 
to  those  in  connection  with  the  exhibition.  Six  of  these  were 
to  factory-workers,  in  their  factories,  and  62  at  labor  union 
meetings ;  the  other  61  at  settlements,  churches,  lodges,  and 
clubs.  The  lectures  given  under  the  auspices  of  the  Com- 
mittee during  the  five  years  have  reached  an  audience  of 
nearly  150,000  persons.  The  growth  of  the  audiences  in  num- 
ber and  diversity  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 


Lectures,  1902-07.    * 

Year 

Number  of  Lectures 

Attendance 

1902-03 
1903-04 
1904-05 
1905-06 

I 906-07 

70 

75^ 

49  at  exhibitions  ( 
26  at  other  placesj 
46    to     adults    at     exhibi- 
tions. 
250     talks     to     school     chil- 
dren at  exhibitions. 
6  in  factories. 
62  at  labor  union  meetings 
61  at  other  places. 

14.913- 

45,077. 

352. 

10,781. 

7-736. 

7,373. 

7,100.^ 

8,842. 

40,264. 
78,859. 

Aggregate  audience  1902-1907 

142,438 

(a)  TMs  figure,  and  tliose  for  the  following  years,  do  not  Include  Board  of  Educa- 
tion lectures  for  whicli  lecturers  were  recommended  by  the  Connnittee. 


About  60,000  of  the  "Don't  cards"  have  been  distributed 
during  the  year  in  the  ordinary  ways.  The  distribution  of 
400,000  supplied  by  the  Board  of  Health  is  now  under  way. 


These  folders,  circulars,  and  street-car  transfers  illustrate  the  educational  work  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  in  co-operation  with  a  large  department  store,  trade 
unions,  dispensaries,  and  the  Board  of  Health.    The  "Don't  card"  is  shown  in  several  languages^ 


UPPER    DECK.    OF    THE    SOUTHFIELD 


THE    SOUTHFIELD 
Day  Camp  of  the  Committee  on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis 


THE  DISTRICT  DISPENSARY   SYSTEM  121 

Every  member  of  the  police  force  and  of  the  National  Guard 
in  New  York  City,  and  every  employe  of  the  Street  Cleaning 
Department  and  the  Metropolitan  Street  Railway  Company 
has  been  given  one,  and  orders  for  large  numbers  of  them 
have  been  received  from  merchants  and  manufacturers  to 
whom  they  have  been  offered  through,  the  medium  of  a  reply 
postal  card.  The  Board  of  Health  is  now  preparing  a  cate- 
chism for  school  children,  modelled  on  the  ''Don't  card", 
which  the  Board  of  Education  has  given  the  Committee  per- 
mission to  place  in  the  hands  of  each  of  the  600,000  school 
children  of  the  city.  This  is  a  typical  illustration  of  the 
amount  of  co-operation  involved  in  the  Committee's  work. 

There  have  been  several  novel  features  in  the  educational 
work  of  the  past  year.  A  press  service  has  been  maintained 
by  which  newspaper  copy  has  been  sent  once  a  week,  from 
January  i  to  September  30,  to  newspapers  and  ..nagazines  all 
over  the  state.  Starting  with  a  list  of  1,600  papers,  those 
which  did  not  use  the  material  were  quickly  eliminated  and 
the  number  reduced  to  about  250.  The  country  papers  and 
several  of  the  large  city  dailies  are  especially  appreciative 
of  this  service.  It  will  be  kept  up  until  January,  1908, 
when  the  State  Charities  Aid  Association  will  take  it  over 
as  part  of  its  educational  work  through  the  state.  Every 
Sunday  since  January  i,  1907,  the  back  of  the  transfer  slips 
on  all  the  surface  car  lines  of  the  city  have  been  used  for 
short  printed  notices  about  tuberculosis.  This  has  been  pos- 
sible through  the  courtesy  of  the  Siegel  Cooper  Company, 
which  has  the  advertising  rights  on  these  transfer  slips.  It 
is  estimated  that  the  circulation  of  each  one  of  these  issues 
reaches  a  million. 

The  district  dispensary  system  is  an  out-growth  of  the 
special  fund  for  the  relief  of  consumptives.  •  The  administra- 
tion of  the  fund  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  sub-committee 
composed  of  the  chiefs  of  the  tuberculosis  clinics  of  the  city 
and  several  persons  familiar  with  the  relief  work  of  the  So- 


122  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

ciety.  This  sub-committee  has  held  weekly  meetings,  which 
have  been  well  attended.  The  chiefs  of  clinics,  brought  to- 
gether in  this  way,  constantly  discussing  facilities  and  realiz- 
ing more  and  more  the  waste  of  the  existing  laissez-faire 
system,  devised  a  plan  for  districting  the  city.  An  association 
was  formed  among  the  eight  clinics  which  treated  tubercu- 
losis in  separate  classes;  Manhattan  and  Bronx  were  divided 
into  eight  districts,  and  each  clinic  agreed  to  treat  only  pa- 
tients living  within  its  assigned  territory  and  to  refer  other 
applicants  to  their  proper  dispensary.  Certain  requirements 
were  established  by  the  association,  which  every  clinic  must 
meet  before  being  admitted  to  it :  a  separate  class  for  pulmon- 
ary tuberculosis,  meeting  at  least  three  times  a  week ;  a  nurse 
to  visit  patients  in  their  homes ;  observance  of  the  district 
plan ;  and  the  appointment  of  a  delegate  to  the  sub-committee. 
As  new  clinics  are  opened  conforming  to  the  established 
standard,  the  district  boundaries  are  adjusted  and  the  size  of 
the  district  reduced.  An  invitation  has  been  sent  to  all  the 
general  dispensaries  to  consider  establishing  special  classes 
and  several  of  them  are  already  planning  to  do  so. 

The  advantages  of  the  co-operative  system  in  dispensary 
work  are  very  similar  to  tho.se  attending  organization  in  relief : 
it  puts  an  end  to  the  practice,  common  with  many  patients,  of 
attending  one  clinic  after  another  for  short  periods;. it  secures 
better  care  for  each  patient  by  fixing  the  responsibility  for 
him  on  a  particular  clinic ;  and  there  is  already  evidence  that 
it  is  developing  in  the  clinics  a  sense  of  responsibility  for  all 
the  consumptives  of  their  districts.  An  important  step  in  this 
direction  is  the  plan  that  has  been  put  in  operation  this  sum- 
mer in  several  of  the  large  clinics,  to  make  a  systematic  exam- 
ination of  all  the  children  of  their  patients,  at  hours  reserved 
for  the  purpose;  another  step,  which  is  now  in  sight,  will  be 
the  working  out  of  a  scheme  for  following  up  patients  who  drop 
out  of  the  clinics. 


THE  FERRY-BOAT  DAY  CAMP  1 23 

The  possible  future  of  this  dispensary  system  give  ample 
warrant  for  feeling  that  it  is  the  most  important  result  of  the 
relief  fund.  The  individual  assistance,  however,  given  to  256 
consumptives  during  the  year,  and  to  230  in  the  eight  months 
of  the  preceding  year  after  the  fund  was  established,  to  enable 
them  to  have  what  they  need,  is  by  no  means  negligible. 

A  picturesque  as  well  as  important  innovation  of  the  past 
summer,  which  was  also  a  manifestation  of  the  relief  fund, 
was  the  transformation  of  an  abandoned  Staten  Island  ferry- 
boat into  a  day  camp  for  dispensary  patients.  From  June 
13,  the  date  of  opening,  to  September  30,  221  different  patients 
were  received,  the  attendance  ranging  from  thirteen  to  seventy, 
and  averaging  forty.  Some  came  as  regularly  as  the  nurse 
herself,  some  whenever  they  could  get  away  from  home  duties, 
and  some  merely  for  a  few  days,  while  awaiting  admittance 
to  a  sanatorium.  Dinner  is  served,  and  milk  and  eggs  ad- 
ministered at  the  rate  of  seventy  quarts  and  twenty  dozen  a 
day.  A  nurse  is  in  charge,  temperatures  and  pulses  are  taken 
twice  a  day,  ^  physician  makes  a  daily  visit,  and  each  patient 
reports  to  his  clinic  physician  once  a  week.  The  total  cost, 
to  September  30,  was  $2,088.63,  of  which  $558.58  was  for 
equipment.  The  total  cost  per  patient  per  day  was  thirty- 
seven  cents,  a  small  price  for  the  cheerfulness,  the  pounds  of 
flesh,  the  color,  and  the  appreciation  of  fresh-air  and  cleanli- 
ness that  h-ave  been  gained. 

The  death-rate  from  pulmonary  tuberculosis  in  New  York 
is  classed  in  the  latest  Census  Bureau  report  on  mortality  with 
the  "fluctuating"  death-rates.  It  may  seem  disturbing  that 
the  great  amount  of  work  that  has  been  done  in  New  York  in 
the  last  few  years  by  the  Health  Department,  the  hospitals 
and  dispensaries,  this  Committee,  and  many  other  agencies, 
has  not  brought  about  a  perceptible  reduction ;  but  to  those 
who  realize  the  adverse  conditions  of  increasing  congestion, 
increasing  exploitation,  and  increasing  difficulties  of  life  in 
New  York,  it  seems  cause  for  encouragement  that  the  death- 


124  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

rate  has  been  kept  "fluctuating."  There  is  confidence  that 
the  right  methods  are  known  and  there  is  a  steadily  growing 
sense  of  the  urgent  necessity  to  apply  them  more  and  more 
efficiently  and  persistently. 

THE    COMMITTEE    ON    MIINDICANCY 

One  of  the  earliest  activities  of  the  Society,  that  of  the 
mendicancy  bureau,  has  come  to  have  a  social  rather  than 
an  individual  application.  The  suppression  of  street  begging 
by  the  arrest  and  prosecution  of  persistent  offenders  has  long 
been  regarded  as  within  the  special  province  of  the  Society, 
supplementing  the  ordinary  enforcement  of  the  vagrancy  laws 
by  the  police  department  and  courts.  At  times  there  has  been 
very  close  and  effective  co-operation  with  the  public  authori- 
ties ;  at  times  the  society  has  done  all  that  was  done  in  this 
direction ;  and  at  still  other  times  conditions  have  been  such 
as  to  render  any  direct  participation  by  the  society  either  un- 
necessary or  futile.  Out  of  this  long  and  varied  experience, 
however,  with  this  intricate  problem,  and  especially  from 
the  extraordinarily  effective  work  carried  on  for  the  last  five 
years  by  its  special  officer,  James  Forbes,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Committee  on  Mendicancy,  there  has  been  gained 
a  wholly  new  conception  of  the  real  problem  and  of  the  manner 
of  its  more  complete  solution. 

It  Ss  evident  first  of  all  that  it  is  not  merely  a  question  of 
the  street  beggar  or  the  house-to-house  mendicant.  The  pro- 
tection of  society  from  all  kinds  of  charitable  impostors  and 
pseudo-charitable  enterprises  is  essentially  a  mendicancy- 
police  problem.  The  ingenious  letter-writer  and  the  respect- 
ably dressed  canvasser  of  office  buildings,  the 'impostor  who 
goes  about  in  the  disguise  of  a  sister  of  charity  or  in  a  naval 
uniform,  and  the  chaplain  who  is  able  to  surround  himself 
by  a  respectable  dummy  board  of  directors,  are  all  integral 
parts  of  the  vicious  mendicant  system.  So  also,  it  must  be 
confessed,  are  their  dupes.     No  police  agency,  whether  official 


THE  SUPPRESSION   OF   MENDICANCY  I25 

or  voluntary,  can  cope  with  any  part  of  this  compHcated  net- 
work of  fraud  and  imposture,  unless  it  has  an  understanding 
of  its  ramifications. 

It  has  become  evident,  secondly,  that  the  , problem  is  na- 
tional, even  international,  in  character.  In  social  movements 
there  are  no  longer  any  real  frontiers,  and  this  is  quite  as  true 
of  mendicancy  as  of  health  or  education.  The  task  is  to  create 
in  the  police  force  and  in  magistrate's  courts,  in  the  public 
press,  in  charitable  societies,  and  elsewhere,  a  wholly  new 
atmosphere,  in  which  imposture  and  parasitism  will  not  thrive, 
a  wholly  new  sentiment  both  towards  the  individual  mendi- 
cant, whether  professional  or  non-professional,  whether 
vagrant,  tramp,  ex-convict,  or  social  outlaw,  and  towards  the 
life  which  he  leads.  Society  is  far  too  harsh  and  unsympa- 
thetic towards  the  individual,  is  without  any  clear  understand- 
ing of  his  weaknesses  and  temptations,  and  has  no  apprecia- 
tion of  those  elements  of  character  which  might  permit  refor- 
mation ;  far  too  lenient  on  the  other  hand  towards  the  con- 
ditions which  perpetuate  mendicancy  and  imposture — towards 
the  prisons,  workhouses,  and  jails ;  the  unequal  operation  of 
the  law ;  the  unpoliced  railways  and  the  resulting  accidents ; 
and  the  easy  gullibility  of  the  public — to  name  but  a  few  of 
the  real  causes  of  the  existing  evils. 

The  present  service  of  the  mendicancy  bureau  is  to  help 
the  public  gain  this  truer  perspective.  While  holding  the 
police  side  of  the  work  in  due  subordination,  there  is  an  at- 
tempt to  create  a  definite  popular  sentiment  which  shall  be 
at  the  same  time  more  humane  towards  the  individual  mendi- 
cant, and  more  radical  as  to  the  extirpation  of  mendicancy. 
This  has  required  first  of  all  personal  acquaintance  with  a  very 
large  number  of  mendicants — intimate  personal  acquaintance, 
not  only  at  the  moment  of  arrest,  but  in  warnings  before  ar- 
rest, in  interviews  at  the  workhouse,  and  voluntary  visits  to 
the  Society  after  release — ^the  gradual  building  up  of  7,990 
personal  histories,  a  store  house  of  information  such  as  has 


126  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

not  heretofore  anywhere  been  available.  It  has  necessarily 
meant  also  a  bureau  of  information.  By  personal  calls,  by  tele- 
phone, by  correspondence,  by  newspaper  interviews,  by  every 
legitimate  means  of  publicity  and  propaganda,  it  has  been 
sought  to  convince  the  public  that  the  Society  is  not  inter- 
ested alone  in  the  prosecution  of  a  few  pestilent  offenders,  but 
in  laying  the  foundation  for  a  broad  national  understanding 
of  the  real  nature  of  mendicancy  and  of  every  form  of  chari- 
table imposture,  of  their  methods  and  vagaries,  of  their 
strength  and  weakness. 

At  the  last  session  of  the  legislature  an  act  was  passed 
greatly  strengthening  the  powers  of  the  local  authorities  in 
dealing  with  vagrants,  permitting  the  courts  to  take  cogni- 
zance of  the  previous  criminal  record  of  persons  arrested  for 
vagrancy  and  authorizing  the  police  to  arrest  suspicious  per- 
sons loitering  around  public  places  if  they  have  a  previous 
criminal  record. 

During  the  latter  part  of  the  "past  year  the  special  officer 
of  the  Committee  on  Mendicancy  has  been  in  Pittsburg  taking 
part  in  the  investigation  of  conditions  in  that  city  which  is 
being  carried  on  under  the  auspices  of  the  Charities  Publica- 
tion Committee. 

THE    PENNY    PROVIDENT    FUND 

One  of  the  earliest  expressions  of  the  social  view  of  which 
the  Department  for  the  Improvement  of  Social  Conditions 
is  the  latest  manifestation,  was  the  appointment  of  a  Commit- 
tee on  Provident  Habits,  which  created  the  Penny  Provident 
Fund  as  a  means  of  encouraging  small  savings  and  enabling 
such  savings  to  be  made  conveniently  and  safely.  This  fund 
is  neither  a  bank  nor  a  fund  for  special  purposes  such  as 
fuel  or  sick  benefits,  but  it  is  an  initial  step  towards  a  savings 
bank,  and  towards  provision  for  any  special  need  to  meet 
which  savings  can  be  spent. 


THE   PENNY   PROVIDENT   FUND 


127 


Feb-,  ijr 

^0                /T 

?^               /f^ 

^                 /f 

0^ 

S'5'Otro 

^ootyo 

r\  J 

/\        So  otro 

^6~or»> 

f^ 

\ 

¥oot>o 

1 

— ^ 

¥ot>v-o 

3^i>tyv 

J 

'5-6~cnfi> 

3o<yt>o 

^ 

'3o&tn> 

^^Om> 

^^oov 

iZOOtfO 

ilootro 

/■^otn 

/'5'i>tro 

/Ooov 

/o  (yox> 

■'00-tro 

^av-o 

B 

■\  \  ^  \ 


nC<^\  \ 


Diagram  6 — Deposits  in  the  Penny  Provident  Fund  at  the  end  of  each  year,  1890-1907. 

The  committee  maintains  a  central  office  in  the  United 
Charities  Building,  and  establishes  local  stations  in  any  set- 
tlement, club,  school,  church,  or  charitable  society,  or  wher- 
ever any  individual  or  group  of  interested  persons  will  under- 
take the  responsibility.  The  contact  with  depositors  is  in 
these  local  stations,  of  which  at  the  end  of  September  there 


128 


PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 


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were  272.  The  activity  and  usefulness  of  the  stations  natural- 
ly vary  directly  v^ith  the  time  and  interest  of  those  who  have 
them  in  charge,  and  the  special  constituency  to  which  they 
appeal.  Depositors  are  encouraged  to  withdraw  their  savings 
to  open  an  account  in  a  savings  bank,  or  to  make  useful  pur- 
chases. The  saving  is  not  looked  upon  as  an  end  necessarily 
good  in  itself,  but  as  a  means  to  inculcate  the  habit  of  imme- 
diate sacrifice  for  greater  ultimate  advantage,  of  looking  ahead 


FACE    AND    REVERSE    OF    STAMP    SAVINGS   CARD 


4Ll£0RNilb 


SEASONAL  FLUCTUATIONS  IN  SAVINGS  1 29 

and  forming  a  just  judgment  as  to  the  various  ways  in  w^hich 
even  small  resources  can  be  used. 

During  the  year  ending  January  i,  1907,  which  is  the  ter- 
mination of  the  Fund's  fiscal  year,  $106,678.21  was  deposited 
and  $111,010.05  was  withdrawn.  Since  1902  the  amount  on 
deposit  at  the  end  of  the  year  has  shown  a  tendency  to  de- 
crease. This  decrease  is  attributed  partly  to  the  constantly 
increasing  cost  of  shelter  and  other  necessities  of  life,  and 
partly  to  the  competition  of  interest-paying  saving  schemes 
conducted  by  department  stores. 

The  fluctuation  of  deposits  through  the  year  indicates  quite 
plainly  the  purposes  for  which  much  of  the  money  is  with- 
drawn. Each  year  the  maximum  on  deposit  is  reached  just 
before  Easter.  The  falling-off  begins  at  Easter,  and  continues 
through  the  summer.  The  accumulation  goes  on  from  Sep- 
tember through  the  winter,  with  a  temporary  interruption  at 
the  holidays.  The  reason  why  this  year  has  had  no  high 
point  to  correspond  with  the  two  before  is  that  the  gains 
of  March  were  cut  short  by  Easter,  while  in  1906  and  1905 
that  festival  occurred  well  into  April. 


re:search  and  education 

It  has  been  a  cardinal  principle  of  the  Charity  Organization 
Society  since  its  beginning  that  knowledge  of  its  own  work, 
based  on  a  study  of  facts  rather  than  unverified  impressions, 
is  essential  to  progress.  Monthly  reports  have  always  been 
made  to  the  general  secretary  by  all  the  departments,  show- 
ing statistically  the  amount  and  to  a  certain  extent  the  char- 
acter of  the  work  done,  and  the  general  secretary  has  kept 
the  Central  Council  informed  of  the  facts  contained  in  them. 
The  annual  reports  of  the  Society  have  given  to  the  public 
rather  more  specific  information  about  its  work  than  is  usual 
in  annual  reports.  The  Society  took  part  vigorously  in  the 
movement  to  study  characteristics  of  dependent  families,  for 
the  purposes  of  discovering  the  causes  of  poverty,  which 
originated  in  the  National  Conference  twenty  years  ago  and 
took  form  in  the  "national  statistical  blank";  and  was  largely 
responsible,  through  Philip  W.  Ayres,  then  assistant  secre- 
tary, and  Professor  Mayo-Smith,  chairman  of  its  Committee 
on  Statistics,  for  securing  the  critical  reconstruction  of  that 
blank  after  some  ten  years  of  use.  The  Society  has  now,  for 
the  last  two  years,  through  its  Committee  on  Social  Research, 
been  working,  by  its  own  example,  by  papers  at  the  National 
Conference,  and  by  correspondence,  to  establish  a  better 
method  of  arriving  at  the  results  which  the  national  statistical 
blank  sought  to  attain. 

SOCIAL    RESEARCH 

A  Committee  on  Statistics  was  appointed  in  1893  to  have 
charge  of  the  studies  of  the  Society's  records  which  should  be 


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132  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

made  by  Columbia  students,  and  it  was  succeeded  by  the 
Committee  on  Social  Research,  appointed  in  January,  1905, 
whose  primary  object  is  the  interpretation  of  the  Society's 
case-work.  '  Under  this  committee  a  Bureau  of  Statistics  was 
organized  in  the  Central  Office. 

In  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  is  centralized  information  about 
the  current  case-work  of  the  Society.  The  monthly  reports 
from  all  departments,  which  have  come  to  be  a  formidable 
mass  of  statistical  material,  are  regularly  reviewed  here  and 
from  them  a  summary  prepared  of  the  month's  work,  illus- 
trated by  diagrams,  comparing  it  with  the  previous  years 
and  pointing  out  any  noteworthy  tendencies.  Proposed 
changes  in  methods  of  work  and  re-adjustment  in  the  office 
staff  are  subjected  to  the  light,  frequently  of  considerable 
illuminating  power,  which  the  statistics  in  hand  can  turn  on 
these  problems.  Each  year  a  detailed  study  is  made  of  the 
circumstances  and  characteristics  of  the  families  who  have 
been  under  care  during  the  year  and  of  the  work  that  has 
been  done  for  them.  In  an  informal  way  the  Bureau  of 
Statistics  advises  about  much  of  the  social  research  which  is 
going  on  in  the  city,  and  has  doubtless  had  an  influence  in 
bringing  about  the  increase  in  such  work  that  has  taken  place. 

Besides  the  continuous  and  systematic  review  of  the  So- 
ciety's work  from  year  to  year  there  have  also  been  made, 
from  time  to  time,  special  studies  of  certain  social  problems 
and  of  selected  groups  of  cases.  The  most  important  studies 
that  have  been  made,  aside  from  the  investigations  under- 
taken by  Charities  and  the  School  of  Philanthropy,  which 
will  be  mentioned  in  their  proper  connection,  are  the  following: 

Analysis  of  the  records  of  five  hundred  homeless  cases, 
by  the  Committee  on  Statistics,  Professor  Richmond 
Mayo-Smith  chairman.  Published  in  the  Fourteenth 
Annual  Report. 


SPECIAL  STUDIES  I33 

Analysis  of  five  hundred  records  of  dependent  families, 
by  the  same  Committee.  Published  in  the  Fifteenth 
Annual  Report. 

Dispossessed  tenants,  by  Harold  K.  Estabrook,  special 
agent  employed  to  make  this  investigation.  Pub- 
lished in  the  Fifteenth  Annual  Report. 

Results  of  the  investigation  of  twenty-five  hundred 
applications  for  city  coal  in  1898.  Published  in  the 
Sixteenth  Annual  Report. 

Lack  of  employment  as  a  cause  of  distress,  by  the  Com- 
mittee on  Statistics.  Published  in  the  Seventeenth 
Annual  Report. 

Industrial  displacement  and  unemployment:  a  study  of 
seven  hundred  and  twenty  case  records  by  Francis 
H.  McLean.  Not  published,  but  given  in  condensed 
.     form  in  The  Principles  of  Relief,  page  153. 

Tenement  house  conditions  and  allied  subjects:  investi- 
,  gations  made  by  the  Tenement  House  Committee, 
used  in  the  Exhibit  of  1899  ^^^  published  in  part  in 
The  Tenement  House  Problem,  by  de  Forest  and 
Veiller.  Later  studies  published  in  the  Committee's 
annual  reports. 

Characteristics  of  beggars:  much  descriptive  statistical 
material  in  the  annual  reports  of  the  Committee  on 
Mendicancy  from  1902  to  1906. 

Reports  of  the  Committee  on  Dependent  Children,  es- 
pecially those  contained  in  the  Nineteenth  and  Twen- 
ty-first Annual  Reports  of  the  Society. 

Families  under  care  of  the  Society  during  1904-05  and 
1905-06,  by  the  Committee  on  Social  Research, 
Franklin  H.  Giddings,  chairman.  Published  in  the 
Twenty-Third  Annual  Report  and  in  Charities,  De- 
cember 6,  1906. 


134  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

Investigation  in  regard  to  the  purchase  and  management 
of  food  by  one  hundred  tenement  house  families,  by- 
Caroline  Goodyear.  Published  in  the  Twenty-Third 
Annual  Report. 

Five  hundred  and  seventy-four  deserting  husbands  and 
their  families,  by  Lilian  Brandt.  Published  in  book 
form  by  the  Committee  on  Social  Research,  1905. 

Social  aspects  of  tuberculosis,  by  Lilian  Brandt.  ^Pub- 
lished in  the  Handbook  on  the  Prevention  of  Tuber- 
culosis, 1904. 

Tuberculosis  among  Negroes  in  New  York,  by  Jessie  C. 
Sleet;  New  York  Lodging-Houses,  by  Paul  Kenna- 
day;  and  the  opportunities  for  country  employment 
for  poor  consumptives,  by  a  sub-committee,  James 
Alexander  Miller,  M.  D.,  chairman,  of  the  Committee 
on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis.  Published  in  the 
Twenty-Third  Annual  Report. 

Report  to  the  Hospital  Commission  on  tuberculosis  hos- 
pital and  dispensary  requirements,  by  a  sub-commit- 
tee of  the  Committee  on  the  Prevention  of  Tubercu- 
losis, of  which  E.  G.  Janeway,  M.  D.,  was  chair- 
man; statistical  work  done  by  Christopher  Easton. 
Published  in  the  Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Com- 
mittee, for  the  year  1905-06. 

Careful  study  of  conditions,  treatment,  and  results  in  the 
two  hundred  and  thirty  cases  treated  in  1906  by  the 
sub-committee  on  relief  of  the  Committee  on  the  Pre- 
vention of  Tuberculosis.  Published  in  the  Twenty- 
Fourth  Annual  Report. 

Many  minor  inquiries,  such  as  one  made  in  the  winter 
of  1902-03  in  regard  to  the  price  of  coal  in  small  quantities, 
have  been  made  from  time  to  time  and  published  in  Charities. 
Many  others,  made  for  the  purpose  of  giving  a  useful  reply 
to  some  question  on  which  information  or  advice  had  been 


TRAINING  FOR  SOCIAL  WORKERS  1 35 

asked,  are  on  file  in  the  office.  An  example  of  the  care  and 
attention  given  to  some  of  these  questions  may  be  found  in 
the  letter  quoted  on  page  122  of  The  Principles  of  Relief, 
in  response  to  an  inquiry  as  to  the  cost  of  placing  a  thousand 
New  York  children  in  free  homes  in  the  West. 

THE  NEW  YORn  SCHOOL  OF  PHILANTHROPY 

Not  least  among  the  Charity  Organization  Society's  con- 
tributions to  social  work  is  its  pioneer  service  in  providing 
professional  and  technical  training  to  those  who  wish  to  enter 
upon  any  form  of  charitable  or  other  social  work.  The  de- 
velopment of  the  School  from  the  summer  class  begun  in 
1898,  and  its  endowment  by  John  S.  Kennedy,  have  already 
been  told.  Since  March,  1907,  the  School  has  been  under  the 
directorship  of  Samuel  McCune  Lindsay,  formerly  commis- 
sioner of  education  in  Porto  Rico,  for  some  years  professor 
of  Sociology  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  at  pres- 
ent professor  of  Social   Legislation  in  Columbia  University. 

It  is  no  longer  necessary  to  argue  for  the  acceptance  of 
the  position  that  persons  charged  with  the  delicate  task  of 
assisting  in  the  difficulties  of  complex  human  lives  need  all 
the  knowledge  they  can  gain  of  the  resources  at  their  com- 
mand and  of  the  accumulated  experience  of  the  years  already 
spent  in  attempts  to  solve  the  very  problems  with  which  they 
are  confronted.  The  advantage  of  professional  training  to 
every  one  concerned,  above  all,  to  the  poor — a  novel,  and  to 
some  a  distasteful  idea  ten  years  ago — is  now  a  commonplace. 

The  School  aims  to  prepare  its  students  to  become  expert 
visitors  for  charity  organization  societies ;  investigators  of 
social  conditions,  factories,  and  tenement  houses ;  matrons  and 
administrators  in  institutions;  financial  secretaries  for  chari- 
table societies;  executive  officers  of  educational  and  philan- 
thropic societies;  private  almoners;  probation  officers;  head- 
workers   and  assistants    in    social    settlements,    institutional 


136  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

churches,  welfare  departments  of  manufacturing  and  mer- 
cantile establishments;  friendly  visitors;  members  of  boards 
of  managers  and  of  committees;  employes  of  the  state  and 
municipal  departments  which  deal  especially  with  public 
health,  charities  and  correction ;  and  to  fill  many  other  highly 
specialized  positions. 

The  full  course  requires  the  entire  time  of  the  student  for 
the  academic  year,  October  to  May,  inclusive.  The  summer 
session,  designed  especially  for  those  already  engaged  in  so- 
cial work,  lasts  six  weeks,  beginning  the  middle  of  June. 
Lectures,  class-room  discussions,  assigned  reading,  field  work 
in  the  way  of  visiting  institutions  and  poor  families,  original 
investigation,  practice  in  office  work,  and  the  preparation  of  a 
thesis,  constitute  the  year's  work.  The  lecturers  are  in  nearly 
every  case  men  and  women  who  are  doing,  or  have  done,  the 
work  they  discuss,  and  are  recognized  to  be  experts. 

The  reference  library  of  applied  sociology,  which  the  So- 
ciety has  been  accumulating  since  the  first  year  of  its  exist- 
ence, is  now  housed  in  rooms  adjoining  the  class-rooms  of  the 
School,  and  is  administered  primarily  for  the  School's  con- 
venience. It  contains  now  about  five  thousand  bound  vol- 
umes, an  equal  number  of  pamphlets,  and  several  hundred 
periodicals.  Students  have  free  access  also  to  the  rich 
libraries  of  Columbia  University  and  to  the  many  special  libra- 
ries in  the  city. 

Students  of  the  School  of  Philanthropy  are  admitted  with- 
out tuition  fee  to  courses  in  Columbia  University,  including 
Columbia,  Barnard,  and  Teachers'  Colleges  and  the  graduate 
schools,  and  students  of  the  University  are  given  reciprocal 
privileges  in  the  School  of  Philanthropy.  The  work  of  the 
School  is  accepted  by  the  University  as  the  equivalent  of  one 
minor  subject  for  an  advanced  degree.  A  close  affiliation  be- 
tween Columbia  and  the  School  is  ensured  not  only  by  the 
terms  of  Mr.  Kennedy's  endowment  but  also  by  the  endow- 
ment of  the  Schiff  Chair  of  Social  Economy  in  the  University. 


HUREAU    OF    SOCIAL   RESEARCH 


LECTURE   ROOM   OF   THE  SCHOOL   OF   PHILANTHROPY 


FELLOWSHIPS  FOR  RESEARCH  137 

A  bureau  of  social  research  has  been  organized  this  year 
by  the  school  as  a  necessary  adjunct  to  its  teaching  function, 
for  the  study  of  social  conditions  and  methods  of  social  work 
in  New  York  City.  The  aim  of  the  bureau  is  not  merely  to  add 
to  the  sum  of  human  knowledge  but  to  increase  efficiency  in 
social  work  and  to  point  the  way  to  new  efforts  for  improving 
social  conditions.  The  investigations  are  carried  on  by  fel- 
lows, under  the  supervision  of  Dr.  Lindsay  and  Prof.  Roswell 
C.  McCrea.  associate  director  of  the  School,  and  with  the  help 
not  only  of  the  faculty  but  also  of  the  persons  best  fitted  to 
advise  on  the  particular  subjects  under  investigation.  Several 
of  the  fellowships  have  stipends  of  five  hundred  dollars  a 
year,  but  larger  amounts  are  available  for  candidates  of  special 
ability  and  greater  experience.  The  object  is  not  the  benefit 
of  the  individual  fellows,  though  that  may  be  taken  for  granted, 
but  it  is  hoped  to  develope  a  small  permanent  force  of  highly 
trained  investigators  who  will  be  constantly  working  under 
the  direction  of  the  school,  inquiring  into  **some  injustice  to 
be  rectified,  some  need  to  be  met,  some  new  opportunity  to 
be  made  clear,  some  higher  standard  of  work  to  be  established, 
some  antiquated  and  wasteful  method  to  be  discarded,  some 
vicious  force  of  degeneration  to  be  laid  bare,  some  encourag- 
ing indication  of  advance  to  be  revealed."  Incidentally  the 
results  of  such  research  will  enrich  the  literature  of  social 
economy  and  the  curriculum  of  the  School.  The  following 
studies  are  being  carried  on  this  year: 

Methods  and  cost  of  burial  in  New  York  City;  by  Edward 
M.  Barrows,  senior  fellow. 

Results  of  relief,  as  gathered  from  a  study  of  the  pres- 
ent status  of  several  hundred  families  who  were 
under  the  care  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society 
two  years  ago;  by  Caroline  Goodyear,  senior  fellow. 

Methods  and  resources  for  the  training  of  social  work- 
ers ;  by  Mabel  Wilcox,  fellow. 


138  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

Methods  of  dealing  with  inebriates  in  New  York  City; 
by  James   P.  Krans,  fellow. 

Industrial  opportunities  for  the  physically  handicapped; 
by  Eleanor  Adler,  fellow. 

Abuses  connected  with  loans  on  personal  credit;  by  Clar- 
ence W.  Wassam,  fellow. 

In  the  class  of  1907-08  fifty-two  students  are  enrolled,  thir- 
ty-three of  whom  are  entered  for  the  full  course.  Over  six 
hundred  students  have  been  enrolled  in  the  School  since  the 
beginning,  a  large  proportion  of  whom  are  now  filling  a  great 
variety  of  responsible  positions  in  social  work  in  different 
sections  of  the  country. 

The  Society  has  set  aside  a  sum  from  the  income  of  the 
School's  endowment  as  an  honorarium  for  a  course  of  lectures 
to  be  given  each  year  by  special  appointment  and  on  the  un- 
derstanding that  the  lectures  will  subsequently  be  published 
in  book  form.  The  Kennedy  lecturer  for  1905  was  Professor 
Simon  N.  Patten,  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  who 
gave  a  course  of  ten  lectures  on  The  New  Basis  of  Civiliza- 
tion. In  1906  Arthur  Twining  Hadley,  president  of  Yale 
University,  gave  a  course  of  five  on  Standards  of  Public  Mor- 
ality. The  holder  of  this  appointment  in  1907  is  Professor 
J.  W.  Jenks,  of  Cornell  University,  who  is  giving  eight  lectures 
on  the  Relation  of  Governmental  Action  to  Social  Welfare. 

THE    CHARITIES    PUBLICATION    COMMITTEE 

In  the  creation  of  a  literature  of  social  work  the  Charity 
Organization  Society  has  borne  a  prominent  part.  From  the 
"tracts"  of  1882  to  the  Kennedy  lectures  of  the  present  there 
has  been  a  steady  out-put  of  publications  useful  to  social 
workers  and  a  steady  stimulus  to  the  production  of  such 
literature.  Twenty-five  annual  reports ;  seventeen  editions 
of  the  Charities  Directory;  ten  volumes  of  The  Charities 
Review,  and  eighteen  of  Charities^  aggregating    over    16,000 


PUBLICATIONS  1 39 

pages ;  the  Handbook  on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  and  the 
Tuberculosis  Directory ;  the  volume  on  Family  Desertion ;  innum- 
erable leaflets  and  reprints ;  the  two  volumes  of  Kennedy  lectures 
already  published,  and  the  third  now  in  the  making, — this  con- 
stitutes a  reference  library  of  no  mean  proportions,  and  is  no 
inconsiderable  part  of  the  written  material  at  the  service  of  social 
workers.  In  this  connection  should  be  mentioned  the  many  con- 
tributions made  by  members  of  the  Society  and  its  staff,  as  a 
result  of  experience  in  the  Society,  to  National  and  state  con- 
ferences and  to  magazines.  The  Tenement  House  Problem, 
already  referred  to  in  connection  with  research,  is  a  product  of 
the  Tenement  House  Committee,  and  the  Principles  of  Relief,  the 
only  comprehensive  text-book  on  the  subject  with  which  it  deals, 
was  written  out  of  eight  years'  experience  in  the  office  of  general 
secretary  of  the  Society. 

There  are  doubtless  many  to*  whom  the  weekly  periodical 
officially  known  as  Charities  and  the  Commons  appears  like 
any  other  secular  journal,  to  be  judged  like  them, by  the  number 
of  its  subscribers,  its  news-stand  sales,  the  amount  of  its  adver- 
tising, the  cleverness  of  its  editorials,  and  the  enterprise  of  its 
news  service.  This,  however,  is  not  the  conception  of  the  Charity 
Organization  Society  and  its  officers,  of  the  Charities  Publica- 
tion Committee  and  the  editors.  To  them  this  weekly  review  of 
local  and  general  philanthropy,  like  the  previous  publications 
which  have  been  merged  in  it,  Lend-a-Hand,  The  Charities 
Review,  Charities,  Jewish  Charity,  and  The  Commons,  is 
primarily  an  educational  institution,  primarily  a  co-operative  un- 
dertaking for  research  and  publicity.  Circulation,  advertsing,  and 
news  service,  although  essential,  are  but  means  to  an  end.  The 
end  is  an  understanding  of  social  conditions,  and  such  presenta- 
tion of  the  vital  facts  about  them  as  will  lead  to  appropriate  rem- 
edies. We  begin  with  charity  and  its  opportunities,  but  immedi- 
ately discover  that  we  must  deal  also  with  its  limitations.  We  are 
concerned  with  the  administration  of  public  and  private  institu- 
tions for  the  relief  of  distress,  but  are  brought  at  once  to  the 


140  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

consideration  of  welcome  alternatives  of  prevention,  through  edu- 
cation and  through  the  removal  of  adverse  conditions.  We  study 
the  causes  of  dependence,  and  learn  that  they  are  not  always  per- 
sonal or  local,  but  are  more  often  industrial  and  general.  We 
realize  that  to  deal  intelligently  and  profitably  with  charity  we 
must  relate  its  problems  to  those  large  economic,  industrial,  and 
social  phenomena  of  which  is  is  but  a  part.  The  broadening 
sphere  of  organized  charity  has  been  moist  fully  reflected  in  the 
broadening  scope  and  increasing  usefulness  of  the  journal  which 
the  Society  publishes,  not  as  its  own  organ  in  any  narrow  sense, 
but  as  a  contribution  to  the  national  well  being  and  to  national 
thought  on  social  questions. 

The  co-operative  character  of  the  journal  is  three-fold: 
financial,  editorial,  and  in  the  use  of  the  material  which  its  inves- 
tigations bring  to  light.  Every  annual  subscripton  of  two  dollars 
— although  it  means  a  deficit* if  looked  upon  purely  as  a  com- 
mercial transaction — is  regarded  as  increasing  by  one  the  number 
of  those  who  are  taking  part  in  the  educational  movement  for 
which  the  journal  stands.  Every  co-operating  subscriber  at  ten 
dollars  a  year  takes  part  in  the  same  way  as  an  individual  center 
-of  influence,  and  besides  enables  the  editors  and  their  volunteer 
assistants  to  push  their  inquiries  further,  and  to  make  them  count 
for  more.  Every  contributor  of  a  thousand  dollars  or  less  to 
the  annual  guarantee  fund  is  helping  to  make  of  the  enterprise 
an  effective  bureau  of  research,  a  source  of  knowledge  and  of 
power  for  social  reform  and  social  advance.  We  look  forward 
to  a  time  when  what  we  may  call  commercial  receipts,  as  distinct 
-from  donations  to  the  educational  fund,  will  bear  a  larger  pro- 
portion to  the  total  expense.  But  it  is  not  to  be  expected,  so  long 
as  the  journal  maintains  the  educational  and  co-operative  char- 
acter which  has  justified  its  connection  with  the  Society  and  the 
volunteer  service  which  have  been  given  to  it,  that  the  educational 
fund  can  be  spared. 

The  co-operation  which  the  journal  has  received  from  associate 
and  departmental  editors,  from  correspondents  and  contributors 


PUBLICATIONS 


CHARITIES  AND  THE  COMMONS    ,  14! 

of  articles,  from  book  reviewers  and  confidential  advisers,  has 
been  no  less  appreciated,  no  less  vital  to  the  success  of,  the  enter- 
prise, no  less  generous  and  valuable,  even  from  the  pecuniary 
standpoint,  than  the  contributions  of  money.  If  all  this  service 
had  been  paid  for  at  the  usual  market  rates  the  undertaking  would 
have  been  bankrupt  at  the  outset.  Associated  with  the  editor, 
Edward  T.  Devine,  are  Graham  Taylor  of  Chicago  and  Lee  K. 
Frankel  of  New  York,  and  seventeen  departmental  editors  under- 
take a  certain  responsibility  for  their  own  fields.  Unpaid  signed 
articles  were  contributed  last  year  by  208  writers.  There  have 
we  hope  been  indirect  compensations  to  those  who  have  been 
enabled  to  gain  a  wide  and  sympathetic  audience  for  the  informa- 
tion and  views  which  they  have  contributed,  and  they  have  at 
least  the  satisfaction  of  having  taken  an  important  part  in  creating 
an  organ,  not  of  one  society  but  of  all  the  causes  which  they  have 
most  at  heart. 

A  third  kind  of  co-operation,  less  generally  understood  than 
either  of  those  to  which  reference  has  been  made,  should  be 
acknowledged.  Charities  has  come  to  be  in  a  peculiar  degree 
a  magazine  to  be  read  and  given  to  others  to  read,  to  be  sent  to 
persons  who  have  not  subscribed  for  it  only  because  they  do 
not  know  about  it,  to  be  purchased  in  quantities  for  the  sake  of 
some  particular  articles  requiring  special  distribution,  and  above 
all  to  see  its  articles  reprinted  and  its  opinions  quoted  in  the  daily 
and  weekly  press  throughout  the  country.  The  nature  of  the 
subjects  discussed,  and  the  fact  that  its  articles  are  always  con- 
tributions to  the  public  knowledge  of  those  subjects  by  people 
who  really  know  about  them  and  care  about  them,  have  brought 
the  most  influential  newspapers,  not  only  in  New  York  but  in  all 
sections  of  the  country,  to  ask  for  advance  sheets  for  use  in  their 
columns.  So  important  has  this  press  service  become  that  there 
has  been  established  a  supplementary  weekly  series  of  articles, 
prepared  especially  for  the  purpose  on  subjects  within  the  scope 
of  the  magazine;  and. outside  New  York  city  such  important  daily 
newspapers  are  receiving  and  using  this  service  as  the  Springfield 


142  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

Republican,  The  Boston  Transcript,  The  Chicago  Evening  Post, 
The  IndianapoHs  News,  The  Louisville  Courier-Journal,  The 
Kansas  City  Star,  The  San  Francisco  Chronicle,  and  The  Seattle 
Post-Intelligencer.  In  this  way  the  radius  of  influence  of  the 
Charities  Publication  Committee  is  greatly  extended. 

Its  chief  source  of  strength,  however,  is  its  increasing  and 
exceptionally  stable  subscription  circulation.  In  the  last  two  years 
the  paid  subscription  list  has  more  than  doubled.  The  usual 
weekly  edition  is  now  ten  thousand  copies,  which  is  increased 
several  times  each  year  because  of  special  demand  for  particular 
numbers  to  twelve,  fifteen,  or  even  twenty  thousand.  These  ten 
thousand  regular  readers  in  every  state  are  a  compact  group  of 
social  workers,  ready  to  espouse  every  righteous  cause  of  social 
reform,  eager  to  learn  of  every  advance,  qualified  because  of  con- 
stant touch  with  divers  social  eflforts  to  form  sound  conservative 
judgments  on  new  proposals,  and  cherishing  a  living  faith  in  the 
possibility  of  progress. 

The  working  plan  of  the  magazine,  announced  at  the  time  of 
the  organization  of  the  National  Publication  Committee  in  the 
spring  of  1905,  included  the  undertaking  of  important  pieces  of 
social  investigation,  not  provided  for  by  any  existing  organiza- 
tion ;  the  issuing  of  special  numbers,  putting  into  comprehensive 
and  compact  form  groups  of  facts  entering  into  some  one  social 
problem;  the  publication  of  substantial  articles  for  future  refer- 
ence and  as  the  basis  for  scientific  study;  the  extension  of  the 
spirit  of  organized  philanthropy  to  smaller  cities  and  the  re- 
kindling of  existing  agencies  to  more  progressive  ways ;  the 
promotion  Of  movements  already  under  way,  co-operating  with 
communities  or  national  bodies  to  give  general  application  to 
reforms  wrought  painfully  in  one  locality;  the  correlation  and 
publication  of  the  results  of  investigations  by  individual  students 
or  by  national  or  local  associations;  the  more  complete  develop- 
ment of  a  professional  journal  for  social  workers ;  the  publication 
of  popular  issues,  live  news,  and  readable  articles,  that  will  make 
practical   philanthropy  a  part   of  the  every-day  interest  of  the 


SPECIAL  NUMBERS  AND  INVESTIGATIONS  I43 

general  reader;  the  education  of  public  opinion  through  connec- 
tion with  newspapers,  speakers,  and  other  agencies  of  publicity. 

Reviewing  the  work  of  the  last  two  years,  there  is  seen  very 
remarkable  achievement  in  the  direction  of  each  of  the  objects 
proposed.  Special  numbers  have  been  published  on  The  Negro 
in  the  Cities  of  The  North,  October  7,  1905 ;  The  Blind,  February 
3,  1906;  the  deplorable  conditions  and  the  great  possibilities 
in  the  national  capital,  under  the  suggestive  title  Next  Door  to 
Congress,  March  3,  1906;  The  Visiting  Nurse,  April  7,  1906; 
The  Relief  Work  in  San  Francisco,  June  2,  1906 ;  Parks,  July  7, 
1906,  and  Play,  August  3,  1907 ;  Housing,  October,  6,  1906,  Civic 
Improvement,  November  3,  1906 ;  Industrial  Accidents,  February 
2,  1907;  The  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  March  23,  1907;  and 
Industrial  Education,  October  5,  1907.  The  Washington  number 
brought  about  more  social  legislation  for  that  city  in  five  months 
than  had  been  seen  in  five  years  before.  The  other  special  num- 
bers, like  those  on  Immigration,  The  Italian  in  America,  The 
Slav  in  America,  The  Hundredth  Child,  and  Juvenile  Courts, 
published  in  1904  and  the  early  part  of  1905,.  have  all  increased 
the  available  information  on  the  subjects  treated. 

Results  of  many  important  investigations,  some  of  them  partly 
made  possible  by  the  educational  fund  of  Charities,  have  been 
published.  A  few  of  those  which  have  appeared  in  the  past  year 
are  studies  of  the  hours  of  factory  women  in  New  York  City; 
the  experimental  period  of  the  San  Francisco  Rehabilitation  Com- 
mittee; conditions  among  American  seamen  and  among  the 
oystermen  on  the  Chesapeake  Bay;  midwifery  practice  in  New 
York ;  the  home  conditions  and.  industrial  status  and  subsequent 
history  of  reformatory  girls ;  and  the  two  novel,  picturesque,  and 
valuable  series  of  articles  by  Emily  Greene  Balch,  on  the  Slavs 
in  their  European  homes  and  in  America. 

Charities  has  co-operated  with  the  National  Prison  As- 
sociation in  a  comprehensive  investigation  of  county  jails.  ,  At 
its  suggestion  Antonio  Mangano  spent  the  spring  and  sum- 
mer in  the  wild  country  of  southern  Italy,  studying  the  con- 


144  PRESENT     ACTIVITIES 

ditions  which  are  responsible  for  emigration,  the  relation  of 
the  emigrants  to  their  old  village  communities,  and  the  re- 
action of  America  on  labor  and  social  conditions  in  Italy. 

An  investigation  is  now  under  way  which  promises  to  give 
a  clearer  and  more  comprehensive  idea  of  the  elements  enter- 
ing into  the  life  of  a  great  industrial  community  than  has 
ever  before  been  had  in  America.  This  is  the  survey  of  the 
social  and  economic  conditions  of  the  wage  earning  population 
of  Pittsburg,  which  is  being  made  under  the  direction  of 
Paul  U.  Kellogg,  managing  editor  of  the  magazine,  with  the 
approval  and  help  of  the  mayor  of  the  city  under  investigation, 
the  president  of  its  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  many  other 
of  its  prominent  citizens.  The  field  work  is  being  done  by  a 
group  of  twenty-five  or  more  men  and  women  who  are  trained 
investigators  and  specialists  in  the  phase  of  the  subject  they 
cover,  including  Florence  Kelley,  John  R.  Commons,  James 
Forbes,  Ernst  J.  Lederle,  Mary  E.  Richmond,  Peter  Roberts, 
Lawrence  Veiller,  Charles  Mulford  Robinson,  Edna  G.  Meeker, 
and  Robert  A.  Woods. 

The  "extension  of  the  spirit  of  organized  philanthropy" 
is  being  accomplished,  to  a  degree  not  even  anticipated,  by 
the  Field  Department,  another  of  the  co-operative  undertak- 
ings of  Charities.  This  Department  was  originally  planned 
to  be  a  means  for  the  exchange  of  blanks  and  literature  among 
sixteen  co-operating  charity  organization  societies,  but  once 
started  it  has  had  a  most  unexpected  growth.  First  came  the 
idea  of  publishing  suggestive  literature  which  might  be  of  use 
for  groups  thinking  of  organizing  societies  and  wishing  to 
organize  in  the  right  way.  Six  pamphlets  were  therefore  is- 
sued, dealing  with  the  practical  details  of  organization  and 
the  basic  ideals  and  principles:  The  Broadening  Sphere  of  Or- 
ganized Charity,  by  Robert  W.  de  Forest;  First  Principles  in 
the  Relief  of  Distress,  by  Mary  E.  Richmond;  Organization 
in  the  Smaller  Cities,  by  Alexander  Johnson;  Sixty-Five 
Queries,  for  directors,  district  committees,  and  friendly  visi- 


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EXTENSION  OF  THE  SPIRIT  OF  ORGANIZED  PHILANTHROPY     I45 

tors;  The  Dominant  Note  in  Modern  Philanthropy,  Edward 
T.  Devine;  The  Formation  of  Charity  Organization  Societies 
in  the  Smaller  Cities,  by  Francis  H.  McLean.  Several  pub- 
lications which  have  for  their  aim  the  standardizing  of  the 
work  of  existing  societies  are  now  being  planned.  Monthly 
bulletins  have  also  been  started,  to  serve  as  a  constant  means 
of  inter-communication. 

In  order  to  provide  more  definite  assistance  in  local  situ- 
ations a  correspondence  branch  was  inaugurated  in  Novem- 
ber of  1906.  The  correspondence  of  the  winter  with  groups 
of  persons  in  twenty-seven  cities  revealed  plainly  that  although 
the  long-distance  advice  was  useful,  still  there  was  ample  op- 
portunity for  the  work  of  a  travelling  representative  who 
should  go  from  place  to  place  as  invited,  and  serve  as  a  per- 
sonal means  of  communication  among  all  of  the  charity  organ- 
ization societies  of  the  country.  Francis  H.  McLean,  who  had 
carried  on  the  correspondence  branch,  and  has  had  a  wide 
variety  of  experience  in  charitable  work  in  different  sections 
of  the  country,  has  been  appointed  field  secretary,  beginning 
work  October  i,  1907. 

In  one  sense  Charities  is  a  manifestation  of  that  new  and 
stirring  interest  in  the  general  welfare  which  is  finding  ex- 
pression in  a  hundred  ways  in  this  generation.  Without  this 
social  renaissance  there  would  be  no  wide  audience  for  "a 
weekly  journal  of  philanthropy  and  social  advance."  On  the 
other  hand,  the  magazine  has  had  a  part  in  the  development 
of  ihe  fresh  interest,  by  correlating  movements  for  good  in 
different  parts  of  the  country,  and  for  different  ends,  and  from 
different  motives, — charity,  religion,  outraged  justice,  civil 
righteousness,  and  the  like;  in  extending  them  to  new  areas 
and  to  new  bodies  of  people ;  and  in  sustaining  those  who, 
often  single  handed  in  their  communities,  are  working  for  the 
common  good. 


MAIN   EVENTS 
OF  TWENTY-FIVE  YEARS 


MAIN    EVENTS    OF    TWENTY-FIVE    YEARS 

1&81 

Resolution  adopted  by  State  Board  of  Charities  authorizing 
its  commissioners  of  New  York  City  "to  take  such  steps 
as  they  may  deem  wise  to  inaugurate  a  system  of  mutual 
help  and  co-operation"  among  the  societies  "engaged  in 
teaching  and  relieving  the  poor  of  the  city  in  their  own 
homes."     October  12. 

1682 

First  meeting  of  the  Committee  on  the  Organization  of  Char- 
ities of  the  City  of  New  York,  appointed  by  the  New 
York  City  members  of  the  State  Board  of  Charities.  Jan- 
uary 5. 

Central  Council  and  Society  organized  at  meeting  held  at 
67  Madison  Avenue.      February  8. 

Committee  on  Membership  appointed.      February  15. 

Finance  Committee  appointed.      February  23. 

Committees  on  District  work  and  on  Co-operation  appointed ; 
also  special  committee  to  secure  a  central  office.    March  6. 

Reports  submitted  by  Committee  on  District  Work,  proposing 
division  of  the  city  between  Fourteenth  and  Eighty-Sixth 
Streets  into  twelve  districts ;  and  by  Committee  on  Co- 
operation, announcing  that  seventeen  societies  and 
churches  had  promised  their  co-operation.      April  3. 

Central  Office  opened  at  67  Madison  Avenue,  April  15, 
Charles  D.  Kellogg,  organizing  secretary. 


150  •  CHRONOLOGY 

Expenditure  of  $200.00  authorized  for  equipment  of  office  and 
hire  of  a  clerk.     April  24. 

Act  of  incorporation  signed  by  the  governor.     May  10. 

The  Monthly  Register,  published  by  the  Philadelphia  Society 
for  Organizing  Charity,  adopted  as  the  organ  of  the  So- 
ciety.     May  22. 

Committee  appointed  to  prepare  a  "handbook  of  instructions 
for  district  visitors"  and  a  "properly  classified  directory 
of  the  charities  of  the  city."      May  22. 

Tenth  District  Committee  appointed.      May  22. 

By-laws  adopted,  providing  for  standing  committees  as  fol- 
lows: Finance,  Executive,  District  Work,  Co-operation, 
Legal  Questions,  Supression  of  Mendicancy,  Member- 
ship, Publications,  Vacancies.      May  22. 

Nine  standing  committees  appointed.     June  5.  T 

% 

Delegates  appointed  to  the  meetings  of  the  National  Confer- 
ence of  Charities  and  Correction  and  of  the  American 
Social  Science  Association.      June  5. 

Constitution  adopted  at  a  special  meeting  of  the  Society. 
June  5. 

Nucleus  of  a  library  collected  for  the  use  of  workers  in  the 
Society.     October. 

"Central  District"  Committee  organized  and  agent  engaged. 
October.' 

District  committees  appointed  in  Districts  4,  12,  13  and  14. 
December  4. 

Tenth  District  office  opened.      December  10. 


1882-1884  151 

ia83 

Special  register  of  fraudulent  cases  begun.     January. 

Fourth,  Twelfth,  and  Thirteenth  District  offices  opened.  Jan- 
uary I. 

Fourteenth  District  office  opened.      January  15. 

Eighth  District  office  opened.    February  i. 

Society  represented  in  a  conference  called  by  the  State  Chari- 
ties Aid  Association  "to  consider  the  conditions  of  the 
tenement  houses  of  the  city."      February. 

Offer  received  from  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition 
of  the  Poor,  and  accepted,  of  use  of  rooms  for  Central 
Office  in  their  building,  79  Fourth  Avenue.     April  2. 

Need  for  a  Loan  Society  suggested  to  Central  Council  by 
Committee  on  District  Work.     April  2. 

Conference  held  with  co-operating  societies,  on  the  instance 
^•lof  the  Committee  on  Co-operation,  to  consider  the  facts 
^disclosed  by  a  study  of  the  circumstances  of  the  families 
reported;  resulting  in  adoption  of  a  resolution  "that  it  is 
the  sense  of  this  meeting  that  all  aid  given  to  able-bodied 
men  should  be  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  them  to  find 
permanent  employment,  in  or  out  of  the  city."      May  15. 

Special  out-door  agent  appointed,  commissioned  as  deputy 
sheriff,  to  deal  with  street  beggars.      July  i. 

"Agent's  meetings"  instituted.     September. 

First  issue  of  the  Directory  of  Charities.     October. 

1884' 

Wood  Yard  opened  at  402  East  Twenty-Fourth  Street.  Jan- 
uary I. 

Monthly  Bulletin  begun  as  a  "confidential  communication  to 
all  members  and  constituents."    February. 


152  CHRONOLOGY 

Decision  by  the  New  York  Herald  to  publish  no  more  appeals 
for  individual  cases  except  on  recommendation  of  the 
Society.      May. 

Many  cases  "requiring  studied  help  and  advice"  referred  to 
the  Central  Office. 

1885 

Need  of  open  spaces  in  the  crowded  parts  of  the  city  dis- 
cussed by  the  Central  Council.     January  5. 

Seventh,  Ninth,  and  Eleventh  District  offices  opened.  Feb- 
ruary. 

Disapproval  expressed  of  free  distribution  of  coal  by  the  city. 
April  6. 

Removal  of  Central  Office  to  21  University  Place.    May  i. 

Resignation  of  Dr.  Vanderpoel  from  the  presidency;  election 
of  Francis  H.  Weeks.     May  28. 

Conference  held  with  representatives  of  hospitals  and  dispen- 
saries, under  auspices  of  the  Committee  on  Co-operation. 
November  20. 

1886 

special  agent  employed  to  investigate  dispensary  cases.  Jan- 
uary 12. 

Wood  Yard  transferred  to  the  New  York  Labor  Bureau  Asso- 
ciation.     February  9. 

Plans  for  a  "charity  building"  considered.      February. 

Influence  used  to  secure  action  of  Congress  establishing  a 
system  of  postal  savings  banks.   February. 


1884-1887  153 

Conference  held  to  consider  the  need  of  a  day  sea-side  resort 
for  mothers  and  children ;  resulting  in  formation  of  an 
independent  committee  of  representatives  from  the  Char- 
ity Organization  Society,  the  Children's  Aid  Society,  and 
the  New  York  Infirmary  for  Women  and  Children,  which 
in  August  opened  a  day  nursery  on  Bedloe's  Island.    June. 

First  gift  received  for  a  permanent  fund :  the  C.  F.  Woeris- 
hoffer  Memorial  Fund  of  $10,000.     October. 

CoUes  Johnston  Memorial  Fund  of  $10,000  added  to  perman- 
ent fund.      December. 

1887 

Sixteenth  District  office  opened.     February. 

Purchase  of  first  typewriter,  authorized.      February  21. 

Bills  for  the  supression  of  stale  beer  dives  and  for  increasing 
sentences  of  vagrants  introduced  through  efforts  of  the 
Committee  on  Mendicancy;  both  passed,  but  the  latter 
not  signed  by  the  governor.      February. 

Fifteenth  District  office  opened.      March. 

Central  Auxiliary  Committee  of  Women  organized  by  Com- 
mittee on  District  Work  to  assist  in  forming  district  auxil- 
iary committees  and  in  the  selection  and  training  of 
friendly  visitors.      March. 

Principles  of  treatment  for  different  classes  of  cases  adopted. 
April. 

Committee  appointed  to  consider  the  subject  of  unrestricted 
immigration.      April  15. 

New  district  boundaries  in  effect;  Second,  Third,  Fourth, 
Fifth,  Sixth,  Seventh,  and  Ninth  districts  organized. 
June  I. 


154  CHRONOLOGY 

Evening  office  hours  begun  by  Central  Agent's  office.      De- 
cember I. 

Office  opened  in  First  District.      December. 


1888 

Robert  W.  de  Forest  elected  president.   January  lo. 

Unsuccessful  effort  made,  in  connection  with  other  societies, 
to  control  the  distribution  of  city  coal.      January. 

Special  committee  appointed  to  consider  the  expediency  of 
taking  steps  to  provide  facilities  for  small  savings  by 
the  poor.     April  lo. 

Establishment  of  "The  One-Cent  Saving  Fund"  decided 
upon.     May  8. 

Laundry  and  training  school  for  unskilled  women  suggested 
by  Seventh  District  Committee.     June  i8. 

Committee  on  Provident  Habits  appointed.      July  17. 

Penny  Provident  Fund  opened.      August  i. 

Management  of  Wood  Yard  resumed  by  the  Society.  Octo- 
ber 9. 

Conference  of  fresh-air  workers  held.    November  20. 

Monthly  conferences  of  charity  workers  instituted  by  the 
Ladies'  Central  Auxiliary  Committee.     December. 

1889 

Laundry  opened  at  589  Park  Avenue.      February  i. 

Door-boy  added  to  office  staff.     October. 

Necessity  for  providing  some  means  for  the  training  of  agents 
discussed  by  Executive  Committee.      November. 

Tenth  District  office  (Harlem)  opened.      November  15. 


1887-1891  155 

Exhibit  of  forms  and  papers  used  by  charity  organization 
societies  prepared  for  the  Paris  Exhibition. 

1890 

Care  of  homeless  cases  transferred  from  districts  to  Central 
Committee.      January  21. 

Appropriation  of  $1,000  offered  to  the  Society  by  the  Board 
of  Estimate  and  Apportionment  and  declined.    January. 

Joint  Committee  appointed  in  connection  with  Association 
for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor  to  raise  money 
for  a  charity  building.      April. 

Superintendent  of  agents  appointed.      May  i. 

Boundaries  of  First,  Second,  Third,  and  Fourth  Districts 
changed.      December  i. 

Wayfarers'   Lodge  proposed. 

1691 

Proposal  to  establish  the  United  Charities  Building  announced 
by  John  S.  Kennedy.   March  9. 

Night  office  opened.     April  i.  . 

Assistance  given  in  emergency  relief  work  consequent  on  the 
Park  Place  disaster.      August. 

First  number  of  The  Charities  Review  issued;  the  Monthly 
Bulletin  continued  as  a  confidential  communication  to 
members  of  the  Society.    November. 

Tenth  District  Committee  requested  to  care  for  cases  in  the 
Annexed  District  (Bronx)  as  far  as  practicable.  De- 
cember. 

Telephone  service  installed  in  some  of  the  district  offices,  and 
a  typewriter  in  the  Registration  Bureau. 


156  CHRONOLOGY 

1892 

Plan  for  Provident  Loan  Company  proposed.      May  9. 

Playground  maintained  on  four  vacant  lots  in  West  Twentv- 
Eighth  Street.       July  and  August. 

1893 

Harlem  Relief  Society  organized  by  members  of  Harlem  Dis- 
trict Committee,  to  provide  an  additional  source  of  relief 
for  the  Twelfth  Ward.      January  7. 

Lots  on  West  Twenty-Eighth  Street,  Nos.  516-524,  purchased 
for  Wayfarers'  Lodge.     February. 

United  Charities  Building  opened.      March  6. 

Eighth  District  office  opened,  completing  the  districting  of 
Manhattan.      May  i. 

Application  and  Investigation  Bureaus  established  at  Central 
Office.      May. 

Conference  held  to  consider  plans  for  meeting  the  anticipated 
increase  in  demands  for  relief.      September  15. 

Emergency  relief  measures  necessitated  by  ''hard  times."  Oc- 
tober, November,  December. 

Wayfarers'  Lodge  opened  at  516  West  Twenty-Eighth  Street. 
November. 

Joint  Night  Office  opened.      November  24. 

1894- 

Increase  in  working  force  of  Central  Office  and  districts  on 
account  of  pressure  of  work.      January. 

Successful  experiment  in  reducing  number  of  police  station 
lodgers  carried  on  by  police  and  Department  of  Chari- 
ties and  Correction,  on  suggestion  of  the  Society.  Jan- 
uary and  February. 


1892- 1896  \  157 

Course  of  twelve  lectures  on  practical  social  problems  con- 
ducted by  the  Committee  on  District  Work.  January, 
February,  and  March. 

Work  Rooms  for  Unskilled  Women  opened  at  49  Prospect 
Place.      February   i. 

Plan  of  co-operation  completed,  with  Columbia  College,  where- 
by its  department  of  political  science  should  use  the  rec- 
ords of  the  Society  "for  statistical  study  and  philan- 
thropic research."      February. 

Provident  Loan  Society  incorporated.      April   12. 

Penny  Provident  Fund  introduced  into  the  public  schools. 
April. 

Provident  Loan  Society  office  opened.     May  21. 

1895 

Eleventh   (Bronx)   District  office  opened.      March. 

Application  and  Registration  Bureaus  of  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Society  and  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition 
of  the  Poor  consolidated  in  the  offices  of  the  Charity 
Organization  Society.      March  15. 

1896 

Amendments  adopted  to  constitution,  defining  the  relation  of 
the  Society  to  relief  and  abandoning  the  use  of  the  word 
"deserving"  in  reference  to  cases.      February  12. 

First  report  of  Committee  on  Statistics  presented :  a  study  of 
homeless  cases.      April. 

Recommendation  made  that  a  city  farm  be  established  for 
able-bodied  vagrants.     May. 

Influence  used  against  increase  in  appropriation  for  city  dis- 
tribution of  coal.     November. 


158  CHRONOLOGY 

Office  of  general  secretary  assumed  by  Edward  T.  Devine. 
September  i. 

Office  of  superintendent  abolished,  on  resignation  of  Robert 
W.  Hebberd  to  become  secretary  of  the  State  Board  of 
Charities.  October. 

Special  Committee  on  Industrial  Insurance  appointed.  De- 
cember. 

Charities  Directory  made  an  annual  publication. 


1897 

Recommendations  to  Greater  New  York  Charter  Commission. 
January. 

Special  vagrancy  officers  detailed  by  the  Board  of  Police  Com- 
missioners to  co-operate  with  Committee  on  Mendicancy. 
February  i. 

Special  agent  employed  to  investigate  dispossess  cases.   April. 

Opposition  to  "Ahearn  bill"  and  to  bill  requiring  that  depend- 
ent children  should  be  placed  out  only  in  homes  of  their 
own  religious  faith.      April. 

Participation  in  Council  of  Fresh-Air  Charities.    May  19. 

Special  agent  employed  for  confidential  reports  regarding 
charitable  enteprises.      September. 

Special  corrimittee  appointed  to  encourage  the  formation  of  a 
charity  organization  society  in  Jersey  City  and  Hoboken. 
December. 

First  issue  of  Charities,  a  monthly  news  sheet  for  members. 
December  i. 

Report  of  the  Society's  fifteen  years'  work  made  to  the  State 
Board  of  Charities.     December  14. 


1896- 1898  159 

The  Charities  Review  re-organized,  enlarged  and  improved; 
Lend-a-Hand  consolidated  w^ith  it. 

Library  enlarged  and  catalogued. 

District  office  force  increased  and  telephone  service  installed 
in  all  district  offices. 

Opposition  renewed  to  "Destitute  Mothers'  Bill."     January. 

Conference  on  Industrial  Insurance  with  United  States  Com- 
missioner of  Labor  and  representatives  of  insurance  com- 
panies.     January  28. 

Offer  made  to  Board  of  Charities  Commissioners  to  secure 
coal  for  all  families  referred  by  the  department  who  were 
found  to  need  it.      January  29. 

Opposition  to  free  coal  bill.      February. 

Branch  Wood  Yard  opened  in  Harlem.      February  23. 

Management  of  The  Charities  Review  transferred  to  an  inde- 
pendent corporation  organized  for  the  purpose.    March. 

Conference  held  to  consider  methods  of  encouraging  savings 
for  fuel.     April  7. 

A  special  committee,  Mrs.  Lowell,  Mrs.  Rice,  and  Miss  Jen- 
nings, appointed  "to  report  on  the  advisability  of  action 
by  the  Society  to  prevent  the  commitment  of  children  in 
cases  of  destitution."      May  31. 

First  session  of  the  "training  school  in  applied  philanthropy." 
June  20-July  30. 

Participation  in  special  relief  at  Montauk,  following  the  Span- 
ish war.      September. 

Wayfarers'  Lodge  discontinued,  as  the  establishment  of  a 
municipal  lodging-house  had  rhade  it  unnecessary.  No- 
vember. 


l60  CHRONOLOGY 

Close  co-operation  instituted  between  the  Committee  on  De- 
pendent Children  and  the  Department  of  Public  Chari- 
ties.     November. 

Charities  made  a  weekly  publication,  beginning  with  the  issue 
of  December  3. 

Special  Committee  appointed  "to  consider  the  revision  of  the 
building  laws  so  far  as  such  revision  affects  the  laws  re- 
lating to  tenement  and  lodging-houses."   December. 

1899 

Charities  Directory  enlarged  to  include  information  about  all 
the  boroughs  of  Greater  New  York.      January. 

Opposition  to  coal  bill  renewed  and  disapproval  expressed  of 
of  bills  restricting  powers  of  State  .Board  of  Charities 
by  exempting  Societies  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to 
Children  from  visitation.      January. 

Co-operation  with  police,  settlements,  and  others,  in  emer- 
gency relief  on  occasion  of  a  blizzard.    February. 

Opposition  to  bill  providing  for  a  local  board  of  public  char- 
ities in  the  Borough  of  Richmond,  to  distribute  out-door 
relief.      February. 

Standing     Committee     on     Dependent     Children    appointed. 

March. 
Opposition  again  to  "Ahearn  bill."    March. 

Suggestion  made  by  Third  District  Committee  that  the  So- 
ciety "establish  a  system  of  cheap  life  and  burial  insur- 
ance."    March. 

Standing  Committee  on  Philanthropic  Education  appointed. 
April. 

Committee  fOr  the  treatment  of  Italian  cases  appointed  to 
work  in  conjunction  with  the  Second  District  Committee. 
April. 


1898-1900  i6i 

Relief  for  cases  in  charge  of  Charity  Organization  Society 
discontinued  by  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition 
of  the  Poor.     May  i. 

Provident  Relief  Fund  established.      May  i. 

Recommendation  made  to  the  City  Comptroller,  at  his  re- 
quest, as  to  the  method  that  the  Board  of  Estimate  and 
Apportionment  should  adopt  in  making  appropriations 
to  private  charities.   June  2.y. 

Active  interest  in  tuberculosis  begun  by  appointment  of  a 
special  committee  to  report  on  proposed  plan  for  a  state 
hospital  for  consumptives.      October. 

Librarian  employed.     November. 


1900 

Tenement  House  Exhibition.    February. 

Special  committee  appointed  to  consider  immigration  legis- 
lation.    March  13. 

Removal  of  Laundry  and  Work  Room  to  the  Industrial  Build- 
ing.     April. 

Legislation  secured  for  the  appointment  of  a  Tenement  House 
Commission.    April. 

Local  Conference  of  Charities.     May  9  and  10. 

A  Negro  nurse  engaged  to  visit  Negro  cases.      September. 

President  of  the  Society  elected  president  of  the  Second  New 
York  State  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction.  No- 
vember. 

Christmas  dinners  distributed  for  The  Evening  World.  De- 
cember. 

Exhibit  sent  to  Paris  Exposition. 


l62  CHRONOLOGY 


1901 


Opposition  to  Governor  Odell's  plans  for  "reorganizing"  the 
State  Board  of  Charities  and  abolishing  the  boards  of 
managers  of  state  charitable  institutions.  Joint  hearing 
at  Albany.      February  12. 

The  Charities  Review  and  Charities  consolidated.    March. 

Support  given  to  plan  for  a  Children's  Court  in  revision  of 
Charter. 

Responsibility  for  securing  tenement  house  legislation  re- 
assumed  by  Tenement  House  Committee  on  discharge  of 
Tenement  House  Commission  after  rendering  its  report. 

Services  of  a  woman  probation  officer  placed  at  the  disposal 
of  the  Fifth  District  Magistrates'  Court.     October. 

The  Monday  Club  organized  by  social  workers  of  the  city 
on  the  initiative  of  district  agents  of  the  Society. 

1902 

Special  Mendicancy  Officer  re-appointed.      January  i. 

Standing  Committee  on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  es- 
tablished.     May  7. 

President  of  the  Society  elected  president  of  the  National 
Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction.      June. 

Police  officers  detailed  to  work  under  direction  of  the  So- 
ciety's Special  Officer.     June  4. 

Stenographer  on  the  staff  of  every  district  office.     September. 

Work  begun  by  Committee  on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 
September  i. 

Sub-committee  on  treatment  of  tuberculosis  cases  establish- 
ed.     October. 


1901-1904  1^3 

1903 

Co-operation  with  coal  companies  and  dealers  to  prevent  suf- 
fering for  fuel  among  the  poor.      January. 

Influence  used  once  more  against  a  bill  proposing  distribu- 
tion of  coal  by  the  city.      January. 

Utilization  by  the  poor  of  wood  on  city  dumps  arranged  with 
Street  Cleanihg  Department.     February. 

Specialized  treatment  of  "dependent  children"  cases  and  of 
tuberculosis  cases   discontinued.      April. 

Conference  held  on  Family  Desertion,  attended  by  delegates 
from  Buffalo,  Philadelphia,  and  neighboring  New  Jersey 
towns.     April  29. 

First  winter  session  of  School  of  Philanthropy  opened;  an 
afternoon  course.      October. 


1904- 

Special  inquiry  made  into  evictions  on  the  lower  east  side. 
April. 

Participation,  through  president  and  general  secretary,  in 
organization  of  the  National  Child  Labor  Committee. 
May. 

Assistance  given  in  emergency  relief  work  occasioned  by  the 
General  Slocum  disaster.     June  15-August  31. 

Participation,  through  general  secretary,  in  formation  of  the 
National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of 
Tuberculosis.     June. 

Work  Rooms  for  Unskilled  Women  closed.     June  i. 

Active  work  renewed  by  Tenement  House  Committee.  Oc- 
tober. 


l64  CHRONOLOGY 

School  of  Philanthropy  endowed  by  gift  of  John  S.  Kennedy. 
November  15. 

Application  Bureau  opened  on  Sundays  and  holidays.  No- 
vember. 

1905 

District  boundaries  changed  and  local  names,  with  historic 
associations,  substituted  for  numbers.     January  i. 

Bureau  of  Statistics  established  in  Central  Office.    January. 

Joint  Application  Bureau  re-organized.    January. 

Emergency  relief  provided  on  occasion  of  a  severe  storm. 
February. 

Connection  with  Columbia  University  strengthened  by  ap- 
pointment of  the  general  secretary  as  Schiff  Professor  of 
Social  Economy.     March. 

National  Charities  Publication  Committee  organized.     May. 

Study  of  the  possibility  of  country  employment  for  consump- 
tives.     May  and  June. 

General  secretary  of  the  Society  elected  president  of  the  Na- 
tional Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction.     July. 

Investigation  of  lodging  houses  by  the  secretary  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis.  July  and 
August. 

Death  of  Mrs.  Lowell.     October  12. 

National  Tuberculosis  Exhibition  held  in  conjunction  with 
the  National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention 
of  Tuberculosis.    November. 

The  Commons  consolidated  with  Charities.     November  i. 

Field  Department  organized  by  Charities,  for  the  extension 
of  charity  organization  work.      December. 

Filing  system  in  Registration  Bureau  re-organized. 


1 904- 1 907  ^^5 

1906 

Special  Employment  Bureau  for  the  Handicapped  established 
under  the  direction  of  a  standing  committee.      January. 

Special  fund  completed  for  the  relief  of  cases  of  tuberculosis. 
January. 

Bureau  of  Advice  and  Information  organized  under  the  direc- 
tion of  a  standing  committee.      February. 

Special  mendicancy  detail  abolished  by  the  police  commis- 
sioner.     February  5. 

Provident  Relief  Fund  made  a  department  of  the  Society. 
March  i. 

Jewish  Charity  merged  with  Charities.    March. 

Work  begun  by  the  Special  Employment  Bureau  for  the 
Handicapped.      April  13. 

General  secretary  on  leave  of  absence  as  special  representa- 
tive of  the  American  National  Red  Cross  in  charge  of 
the  San  Francisco  relief  work.    April  19-July  31. 

School  of  Philanthropy  removed  from  the  Library  to  rooms 

on  the  ninth  floor.      September, 
f 
Lunch  room  opened  for  Society's  employes.    December  14. 

District  committees  authorized  to  extend  their  influence  by 
undertaking  the  study  of  conditions  and  by  organized 
participation  in  social  movements.     December. 

1907 

(To  September  30.) 

Department  for  the  Improvement  of  Social  Conditions  estab- 
lished.     January. 

Directorship  of  School  of  Philanthropy  assumed  by  Samuel 
McCune  Lindsay.      March  i. 


1 66  CHRONOLOGY 

New  accounting  system  installed.      March. 

Opposition  to  proposal  to  supply  free  eye-glasses  to  school 
children,  and  free  treatment  for  defective  eyesight,  at  the 
expense  of  the  city.      April. 

First  amendment  secured  to  the  charter  of  the  Society,  to 
provide  for  maintaining  the  School  of  Philanthropy. 
May  6. 

Treatment  of  individual  cases  by  the  Committee  on  Mendi- 
cancy discontinued.      May. 

Research  fellowships  established  in  the  School  of  Philan- 
thropy.     July. 

Bureau  of  Appeals  reorganized.    September  25. 

Francis  H.  McLean  engaged  as  field  secretary  of  the  Field 
Department  of  Charities.    September. 

Extension  of  offices :  four  rooms  occupied  on  sixth  floor  of 
United  Charities  Building;  Library  removed  to  ninth 
floor,  adjoining  the  School. 


Officers, 
Members  of  the  Central  Council,  and 
Members  of  Standing  and  Dis- 
trict Committees 
1882-1907 


OFFICERS, 
MEMBERS      OF     THE:      CENTRAL      COUNCIL,      AND 
MEMBERS      OF     STANDING      AND      DIS- 
TRICT     COMMITTEES 
1882-1907 


This  list  has  been  compiled  from  the  published  annual  repoi'ts  of  the  Society,  and 
in  many  cases  doubtless  understates  the  amount  of  service  rendered.  The  names  of 
ex-offtcio  members  do  not  appear  except  when  they  have  also  served  on  a  com- 
mittee.   The  names  printed  in  heavy  type  are  of  persons  who  are  now  serving. 

Abbreviations  iised:  C.  C,  Central  Council;  C.  P.  T.,  Committee  on  the  Prevention 
of  Tuberculosis;  J.  A.  B.,  Joint  Application  Bureau;  F.  V.,  Friendly  Visitor.  The  rest 
are  self  explanatory. 

Dates  written  thus,  18S9-  ,  in  connection  with  the  names  of  present  officers  and 
members,  indicate  that  service  began  in  1889,  and  has  continued  without  interruption 
to  the  present  time,  October,  1907. 

Abbatt,  Miss  C.  B Sub-Corn.  Dist.  9,  1901-03. 

Abbott,  A.  W Dist.  Com.  11,  1897-8. 

Abbott,  Miss  M Sub-Coin.  Dist  9,  1900-01. 

Abeel,  Mrs.  Albert  M Vis.  Com.  York  Dist,  1903-05. 

Abelson,   Paull Vis.  Com.  Dist  3,  1897-8. 

Adams,  Allen  W Dist.  Com.  7,  1892-3. 

Adams,  Chas.  D Dist  Com.  14,  1883-4. 

Adams,  Miss  Lucy  W Vis.  Com.  Dist  4,  1901-02. 

Addams,  Jane Charities  Pub.  Com.,  1905- 

Adler,  Folix   Ten.  House  Com.,  1898-1900. 

Adler,  Mrs.  Felix Dist  Com.  9,  1896-8,  Vis.  Com.,  1896-7. 

Adler,  Miss  Lena Dist  Com.  9,  F.  V.,  1888,  Ladies'  Com,  1891. 

Adriance,  H.  E C  C.  Del.  and  Ch'n  Dist  Com.,  9    (York), 

1900- 

Albrecht,  Mrs.  F.  C Vis.  Com.  Dist  11,  1900-02. 

Alcott,  Mrs.  E.  R Ladies'  Com.  Dist  10,  1890. 

Alexander,  Mrs.  H.  A Chelsea  Dist  Com.,  1905. 

Alexander,  Walter   Dist  Com.  2,  1892-3. 

Allen,  Miss  L .Dist.  Com.  4,  1896-1900,  Sec.  1896-7. 


I70  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND    COMMITTEES 

Allen,  Wm.  H Spec.  Com.  on  Winter  Course,,  1902-04. 

Anderson,  Henry  B Dist.   Com.   2,   1888-92;     C.    C.    Del.,   1890-2; 

Com.  on  Coop.,  1889-1901;  Exec.  Com.,  1891-7; 
Oh'n  Com.  on  Registration,  1891-3;  Ch'n 
Com.  on  Cent.  Office  Bureaus,  1894-1903; 
Dist.  Com.  9,  1894-5;  Dist.  Com.  7,  1895;  C. 
C.  1893-7. 

Anderson,  Jos.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  7,  1887. 

Anderson,  Miss  MargaretYorkville  Dist.  Com.,   1907- 

Andrews,  Constant  A....C.  C,  1885-1905;   Com.  on  Fin.,  1885-9;  Com. 

on  Memb.,  1885;  Treas.  pro  tem.,  1885-6 
Dist.  Com.  4,  1885-7;  Com.  on  Vacancies 
1886;  C.  C.  Sec.  and  Treas.,  1887;  C.  C 
Treas,  1888-91,  1893-5;  Exec.  Com.,  1886 
1888-1903;  Com.  on  Laundry,  1889-90;  Com 
on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  1890,  1893-5;  Ten 
House  Com.,  1898-1900;  Dist.  Com.  9  (York 
ville),  1888-1907,  Ch'n,  1888-9,  1893-4,  1896 
8,  Vice-Ch'n,  1903-04,  Com.  on  Vis.  and 
Treat.,  1898,  Vis.  Com.  1896-7,  C.  C.  Del., 
1893-4,  1896-1900;   Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1907- 

Andrews,  W Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1899-1900. 

Andrews,  W.  L Dist.  Com.  8,  1886. 

Anketell,  Rev.  John Dist.  Com.  11,  1886-7;   Dist.  Com.  4,  1888-91. 

Appleton,  Mrs.  Edw.  D Dist.  Com.  5,  1897-1900. 

Armstrong,  Miss  A Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1890,  1892. 

Armstrong,  James  ..Dist.  Com.  7,  1890-1. 

Armstrong,  Mrs.  Maitland. Ladies'    Com.     Dist.    4,    1892-3,    1895;     Dist. 

Com.   4,   1894-7. 

Arnold,    Mrs.   Wm Vis.    Com.    York.     Dist,    1905;     York.   Dist. 

Com.,  1906- 

Ash,   Thos.   Reeves Dist.  Com.  9,  1886-7. 

Ashton,  Mrs.  L  H Dist.  Com.  2,  1889. 

Ashwell,  Wm.  C .Dist.  Com.  7,  1885-7. 

Atterbury,  Grosvenor   Com.  on  Wayfarers'  Lodge,  1894-9. 

Auchincloss,  Edgar  S C.  C,  1891-2;  Com.  on  Coop.,  1891. 

Auchincloss,  Hugh  D Dist.    Com.    13,    1885-7;     C.    C.   1887,   1893; 

Com.  on  Fin.,  1887;  Com.  on  Coop.,  1887; 
Ch'n  Dist.  Com.  4,  1888;  Com.  on  Registra- 
tion, 1893. 

Babbitt,  Miss Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1890. 

Bacon,  C.  A.,  M.  D C.   C.   Del.    Dist.   8,    1883-6;    Com.   on   Coop., 

1885-6. 


ALLEN-BARTHOLOMEW  I7I 

Bacon,  Mrs.  Daniel .F.    V.    Dist.    6,  1888;   Ladies'  Aux.  Dist.  6, 

1889;  Dist.  Com.  6,  1895,  1897-1900. 

Baines-Qriffiths,  Rev.  D..Riverside  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Baird,  Addison  W.,  M.  D.Dist.  Com.  8    (Hudson),  1901- 

Baker,  Orin   Kips  Bay  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Baker,  R.  C Dist.  Com.  9    (Yorli.),  1898-1907. 

Balch,   H.   H Dist.   Com.   2,    1888-9. 

Baldwin,  Rev.  B.  O Dist.  Com.  8,  1901-2. 

Baldwin,  Ohas.  M Dist.  Com.  7,  1888. 

Baldwin,  H.  de  F.... Dist.  Com.  8,  1887. 

Baldwin,  Wm.  H.,  Jr Ten.  House  Com.,  1903-4. 

Bannard,  Otto  T Dist.   Com.   13,   1883-7,   Treas.,   1884-6,   C.  C. 

Del.,  1886,  Ch'n,  1887;  C.  C,  1886,  1888; 
Exec.  Com.,  1888-;  Com.  on  Fin.,  1888; 
Ch'n  Com.  on  Memb.,  1888;  Dist.  Com.  2, 
1888-9,  Ch'n,  1889;  C.  C.  Sec,  1889-90;  Ch'n 
Com.  on  Prov.  Hab.,  1889-  ;  Com.  on 
Registration,  1891;  Com.  on  Pub.,  1891-4; 
Trus.  Pen.  Prov.  F.,  1894-1901;  Ch'n  Com. 
on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  1896-8,  1901-5;  C.  C.  Vice- 
Pres.,  1899-  ;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1899; 
Com.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  1902-  ;  Spec.  Com.  on 
Winter  Course,  1902-4;  C.  P.  T.,  1902-4; 
Com.  on  Aud.  of  Ace,  1907- 

Barclay,  Miss .Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1890-2. 

Barhydt,  P.  H Ch'n  Dist.  Com.  7,  1885-7,  C.  C.  Del.,  1887. 

Barlow,  Mrs.  Francis  C — Ladies'    Com.    Dist.    5,    1892;    Dist.    Com.    5, 

1893-7. 

Barlow,  Peter  T Dist.  Com.  12,  1883-5. 

Barnard,  J.  L River.  Dist.  Com.  and  F.  V.,  1905. 

Barnes,  Chas.  Wheeler.  .Dist.   Com.   5    (Gram.),   1894-1903,   1905- 
Ch'n,  1899-1902  C.  C.  Del.,  1901-2. 

Barnes,  Rev.  H.  F Dist.  Com.  13,  1883-4 

Barnes,   J.   Sanf ord,   Jr Com.  on  Wayfarers'  Lodge,  1894-7. 

Barnes,  Miss  S.  P F.  V.  River.  Dist.  Com.,  1907. 

Barnum,  Wm.  M Dist.  Com.   6,  1888-90. 

Barrett,  Wm.  S Dist.  Com.  14,  1884-6;   Sec,  1884-5. 

Barry,  Miss  C.  S Dist.  Com.  2  (Green.),  1902- 

Barry,  John  J. Dist.      Com.      11      (Bronx),    1900-         ;    Vis. 

Com.,    1900-3. 

Barstow,  Miss  E.  W Corlears  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Bartholomew,  F.  M Dist.  Com.  9.   1885-6. 


172  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND    COMMITTEES 

Bartholow,  Miss  Eliz.   ..Vis.     Com.     Dist.     2     (Greenwich),    1902-4; 

Green.  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Bartlett,  Mrs.  P.  G... Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1899-1900. 

Bartlett,  Warren  S Com.  on  Cases  in  A.  B.,  1894. 

Barton,  Dr.  C.  B Dist.  Com.  11,  1895-1901;  Ch'n,  1897-8. 

Barton,  Mrs.  C.  E Dist.  Com.  11,  1896-9. 

Barton,  J.  S.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  8,  1883-6;  Dist.  Com.  7,  1891. 

Bates,  Miss  Alice  G F.  V.  Dist.  Com.  9,  1888. 

Bates,  Mrs.  Mary   Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  5,  1892. 

Bauer,  Frederick  B Com.  on  Dep.  Chil.,  1902-3. 

Baussman,  Miss  Julia Dist.  Com.  3,  1893. 

Baxter,  Mr Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1899-1900. 

Bayard,  T.  F.,  Jr Dist.  Com.  4,  1896-8. 

Baylies,  Bdmund  L. Sec.  Dist.  Com.  9,  1885-6;   C.  C.  Del.,  1886; 

Com.  on  Coop.,  1886. 

Beals,  Z.  C Dist.  Com.  3,  1889. 

Beaman,  Clias.  C Com.  on  Prov.  Hab.,  1890-1900;   Trus.  P.  P. 

F.,  1894-1900. 

Beard,  Miss  Emma Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1900-2. 

Beckwith,  Arthur   Treas.    Dist.    Com.    11,    1885-6;    C.   C.    Del., 

1886-7;   Com.  on  Mend.,  1886;   Dist.  Com.  4, 

1888;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1888. 
Bedford-Jones,  Rev.  W.  J... Dist.  Com.  8,  1896-7. 

Beecher,  Miss  M.  A Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  3,  1889. 

Beekman,  J.  N.,  M.  D Dist.     Com.     2     (Green.),    1892-         ;    C.    C. 

Del.,  1893-1903;  Ch'n,  1894-1903. 

Bender,  Mrs.  James F.  V.  Dist.  6,  1888. 

Benedict,  Mrs.  Elliott  S...Vis.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1900-1. 

Benjamin,  Miss  Helen   ..F.  V.  Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Benjamin,  Rev.  Raphael  ..Dist.  Com.  9,  1893-7,  Sec,  1895-7;    Sec.  Vis. 

Com.,   1896-7. 
Bennett,  Mrs.  Josephine  ..F.  V.  Dist  4,  1888. 
Benson,  Rev.  Eugene  H....Dist.  Com.  7,  1902-3;   Dist.  Com.  9    (York.), 

1902-5. 
Berg,  Louis Dist.    Com.    and   Com.   on   Vis.   and   Treat. 

Dist.  9,  1892. 

Borger,  Rev.  J.  N Dist.  Com.   4,   1893,   1895. 

Betts,  Fred.  H Dist.    Com.     5,    1883-7,   1889-90,   C.   C.   Del., 

1888;    Com.    on   Coop.,    Com.    on   Vacancies, 

1888. 

Betts,  Samuel  R Dist.  Com.  13,  1887;  Dist.  Com.  4,  1888. 

Beyea,  J.  L.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  4,  1896-8. 

Biggs,  Mrs.  Chas Dist.  Com.  6,  1891-4;   Dist.  Com.  8,  1895-7. 


BARTHOLOMEW-BLUME  173 

Biggs,  Hermann  M.,  M.D.C.  P.  T.,  1902- 
Billings,   JohnS.,Jr.,M.D.C.  P.  T.,  1906- 

Billings,  Miss  Laura See  Lee,  Mrs.  F.   S. 

Billings,  Miss  Mary Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1898-9. 

Bingham,  Geo.  F Dist.    Com.    10,    1883-4. 

Bingen,  Alfredo Dist.  Com.  3,  1900-01. 

Binney,  Harold   Dist.    Com.   4,   1894;     Dist.   Com.   1,   1895-7; 

Dist.  Com.  6,  1896-7. 

Binney,  Mrs.  Harold Dist.  Com.  7,  1896-7. 

Binsse,  Miss  Emily Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1889. 

Binsse,  Louis  E C.  C,  1885-1897;   Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1885- 

9;    Com.  on  Legal  Ques.,    1885-6;    Com.    on 

Coop..     1889-90;     Dist.    Com.    4,     1889-1897; 

Ch'n,  1889-1894;   C.  C.  Del.,  1890-7;   Com.  on 

Mend.,  1892-5. 

Bird,  Miss  B.  W Dist.  Com.  and  Vis.  Com.  Dist.  6,  1900-1. 

Bird,    J.   T.   Jos.,   M.   D...Dist.     Com.     10     (Harlem),    1890-1906;    Sec. 

1891-5,  Ch'n,  1901-3,  Vice-Ch'n,  1905. 

Bird,  P Dist.  Com.  4,  1898-1900. 

Birmingham,  Miss  E.  A.  ..Vis.    Com.    Dist.    2,   1901-4;     Dist.   Com.   2, 

1902-7. 

Bishop,  L.  J.  P Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1905-6. 

Bishop,  Mrs.  L.  J.  P Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1905-6. 

Bishop,  Miss  M.  C Vis.   Com.   Dist.   7,   1900-02. 

Bishop,  Miss  Susan Vis.    Com.   York.    Dist,   1903-5;    York.   Dist. 

Com.,  1906-7. 

Bispham,  Wm Dist.  Com.  10,  1883-5,  C.  C.  Del.,  1884-5. 

Black,  Geo.  A Dist.  Com.  9,  1886-7. 

Blagden,   Samuel  P Dist.  Com.  12,  1886. 

Blake,  Miss  Alice Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  9,  1891;    Com.  on  Laun- 
dry, 1891;   Com.  on  Vis.  and  Treat.  Dist.  9, 

1892-3;    Dist.   Com.   9,   1893-5. 

Blake,  Miss  Ethel  M Corlears  Dist.  Com.,  1906-7. 

Blake,   Miss  Henrietta Vis.  Com.  Dist.  9  and  Dist.  Com.  9,  1896-7. 

Blake,  Wm C.  C,  Com.  on  Mend.,  1885-6. 

Blakeman,  C.  R... Dist.   Com.   9,   1887;    Dist.   Com.   6,    1888-98, 

Treas.,  1888-1893. 
Blaustein,  David Dist.  Com.  3    (Corlears),  1900-7,  C.  C.  Del., 

1901-2;   C.  P.  T.,  1902- 

Blodgett,  Wm.  T Dist.  Com.  13,  1884-5. 

Bloomfield,  Mr Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1897-8. 

Blume,  Frederick   Dist.  Com.  4,  1896-1901,  Sec.  and  Vis.  Com., 

1900-1. 


174  MEMBERS     OF     COUNCIL    AND     COMMITTEES 

Blumenthal,  Mark,  M.  D..Orig.    C.    C,    C.   C,   1882-4;     Com.   on  Dist. 

Work,  and  Com.  on  Mend.,  1882-4;   Soc.  Vice- 

Pres.,   1887-94. 
Boardman,  Miss  AnnetteCorlears  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 
Boardman,  Miss  C.  E.  .  .Com.  on  Dist.  Work  and  Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4, 

1900-1;    Dist.  Com.   2    (Greenwich),  1901- 
Bogert,  S.  S.,  M.  D Ch'n  Dist.  Com.  3,  1888-1901,  C.  C.  Del.,  1889- 

95;    Com,  on  Mend.,  1889-90;   Com.  on  Prov. 

Hab.,  1889-1890;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1891-9. 

Bohannon,  Miss Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1897-8. 

Bolard,  Miss  Louise Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1901-2. 

Bolles,  Mrs.  E.  E Ladies'     Com.    Dist.     4,    1890-3,    1895;     Dist. 

Com.  8,  1894. 
Bond,   Miss   Kate C.  C,  1884-         ;   Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1884- 

99;     Com.     on     Mend.,    1884;     Ladies'    Aux. 

Com.    Dist.    6,    1888;    Ladies'    Com.    Dist.    4, 

1889;     Ch'n    Cent.     Aux.     Com.    of   Women, 

1890-         ;  Ch'n  Com.  on  W.  R.,  1894-1904.    . 

Bond,  Wm.  E Dist.  Com.  13,  1886-7. 

Bonner,  Hugh    Ten.  H.  Com.,  1900-3. 

Borden,  Mrs.  Gerald Dist.  Com.  4  and  Vis.   Com.,   1902-4;    River. 

Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Bowe,  Mrs.  Thomas Dist.  Com.  3,  1893. 

Bowles,  Miss  E Kips  Bay  Dist.  Com.,  1905-7. 

Boyd,  Miss  C.  M Dist.  Com.  7   (Kips  Bay),  1902-7. 

Boyd,  Oscar  E Dist.  Com.  4,  1894-7. 

Boyle,  James  F Dist.  Com.  8,  1895;  Dist.  Com.  7  (Kips  Bay), 

1896- 

Brace,  R.  M Dist.  Com.  3,  1894. 

Bracher,  Thos.  W Dist.  Com.  8,  1894. 

Bracher,  Mrs.  Thos.  W Dist.  Com.  8,  1895-7. 

Brackett,  Jeffrey  R Com.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  1898-1903.  ^ 

Bradley,  B.  W Hud.  Dist.  Com.,  1905-7;   River.   Dist.  Com., 

1907- 
Bradley,  Miss  Helen  S...Dist.  Com.  5   (Gram.),  1903- 

Bradley,  Miss  M.  W See  Hoffman,  Mrs.  Burrall. 

Brannan,  J.  W.,  M.  D.   .   C.  P.  T.,  1907- 

Brazer,  C.  W Kips  Bay  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Brenner,  Alfred  T.  V. Dist.  Com.  5,  1901-2. 

Brett,  Geo.  P Dist.  Com.  5,  1892-3. 

Brenchard,    Mrs.    Jules Dist.  Com.  10,  1892. 

Brewer,  Frank  L ...Dist.  Com.  1,  1900-3. 

Brewer,  Mrs.  S.  D Corlears  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 


BLUMENTHAL-BRUSH  I75 

Brewster,  R.  S C.  C,  Exec.  Com.,  Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1905-     ; 

Vice-Ch'n  River.  Dist.  Com.,  1905,  Cli'ii, 
1906-  ;  Ch'n  Com.  on  Adv.  and  Inf., 
1906-         ;   Com.  on  And.  of  Ace,  1907- 

Brice,  W.  Kirkpatrick. .  .Com.  on  Adv.  and  Inf.,  1906- 

Bridgman,  Mrs.  C.  DeWitt. Ladies'   Aux.  Com.   Dist  10    (Harl.),   1903-5. 

Bridgman,  Henry  H C.  C,  1890;    C.   C.   Del.  Dist.  Com.   8,  1886- 

7;  Dist.  Com.  7,  1888-90,  C.  C.  Del.,  1888-9; 
Com.  on  Memb.,  1888;  Com.  on  Fin.  and 
Com.  on  Laundry,  1889;  Com.  on  Pin.  and 
Memb.,  Com.  on  Coop.,  1890. 

Bristow,  W.  B Dist.  Com.  1,  1894-5. 

Brockway,  A.  Norton,  M.D.Dist.  Com.  10,  1890-2.. 

Brooke,  Geo.  H Dist.  Com.  9,  1892-3,  Sec,  1892. 

Brookfield,  Wm Dist.  Com.  7,  1885-7. 

Brouner,  Mrs.  W , .  Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1900-1. 

Brouner,  W.  B.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  4,  1896-7. 

Brown,  Abbott Dist.   Com.   2    (Greenwich),   1889-         ;    Sec, 

1894- 

Brown,  Chas.  S Dist.  Com.  13,  1887;  Dist.  Com.  2  (Green- 
wich), 1888-1904;  Treas.,  1890-3;  Ten. 
House  Com.,  1900- 

Brown,  Mrs.  Chas.  S Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  2,  1888;   Dist.  Com. 

2,  1889-1903. 

Brown,  Mrs.  E.  E Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1900-1. 

Brown,  Miss  Edith  HarmonDist.    Com.    4,    1896-7;     Gram.    Dist.   Com., 

1905. 

Brown,  Geo.  Alex Dist.  Com.  12,   1883-7,  Ch'n  and  C.  C.  Del., 

1884-6;  Com.  on  Fin.,  1885-6;  Exec  Com., 
1886;   Dist.  Com.  3,  1888-90,  Treas.,  1890. 

Brown,  Herbert  S CRT.,  1901- 

Brown,  S.  W ..Dist.  Com.  7,  1886-7,  Sec.  and  Treas.,  1887; 

Sec.  Dist.   Com.   6,  1888-9. 

Brown,  W.  Harmon Dist.    Com.    13,   1883-7;     C.   C.   Del.,   1884-5; 

Dist.  Com.  2,  1888. 

Brown,  Mrs.  W.  Harmon.  .Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  2,  1888;   Dist.  Com. 

2,  1889;  Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Women,  1893-7, 
1900-3;  Com.  on  W.  R.,  1894-7;  Dist.  Com. 
5   (Gram.),  1903-5. 

Brunt,  Joseph  W. Harlem   Dist.   Com.,   1907- 

Brush,  Prof.  Chas.  B C.   C,   1890-7;    Com.   on   Coop.,   1890-4;    Ch'n 

Com.  on  Laundry,  1892;  Com.  on  N.  Y., 
1893;  Ch'n  Com.  on  Wayfarers'  Lodge, 
1894-7. 


176  MEMBERS    OF     COUNCIL    AND     COMMITTEES 

Brush,  Miss  Frances Dist.  Com.   7,   1896-1903,  Vis.    Com.,    1896-7, 

1899-1903;    Ch'n  Vis.  Com.,  1897-9. 
Brush,  W.  Franklin Dist.  Com.  7   (Kips  Bay),  1890-  ;   C.  C. 

Del.,   1893-7,   Ch'n,   1894-6,    Vice-Ch'n,    1903; 

Com.    on    Laundry,    1894-        ,  Ch'n,  1894-6, 

1900-4,  Sec,  1905. 
Bryant,  Joseph  D.,  M.  D.C  P.  T.,  1902 
Bryce,  Miss  Edith Ladies'   Aux.   Com.   Dist.    6,    1888-90;     Dist. 

Com.     6,     1891-4;     Com.   on   Laundry,    1890- 

1900. 

Bryce,  Miss  Madeleine Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1889. 

Bullard,  W.  E.,  M.  D Dist.    Com.    8,  1887;     Dist.  Com.   7,  1888-95, 

■     Ch'n  and  C.  C.  Del.,  1890. 
Burden,  Mrs.  J.  A.,  Jr..  .Yorkville  Dist.   Com.,   1907- 

Burke,  Chas.  C Dist.  Com.  7,  1885-6. 

Burlingham,  C.  C Dist.  Com.  7,  1889-90,  Sec,  1890;   Dist.  Com. 

1,  1891-3. 

Burns,  A.  T Dist.  Com.  4,  1903-4. 

Burns,  Mrs.  Robt Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1888. 

Burr,  Mrs.  Wm.  H Dist.  Com.  8,  1896-1901. 

Busch,  Mrs.  I.  W Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  6,  1890. 

Bush,  Mrs.  A.  N. Ladies'  Aux.  Com..  Dist.  6,  1889. 

Busselle,  Alfred    Gramercy  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Butler,  E.  J. Dist.  Com.  4,  1894-1901;  Com.  on  Dep.  Chil., 

1899-1903;  C.  C.  and  C.  P.  T.,  ex-off.,  1905- 

Butler,  Miss  Louisa Ch'n  Ladies'  Com,  Dist.  4,  1890-1. 

Butler,   Nicholas  MurrayCom.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  ex-off.,  1903- 

Butler,  P.  J Dist.  Com.  11  and  Vis.  Com.,  1900-1. 

Byrnes,  Miss  Clara Dist.  Com.  9    (York.),  1900-        ,  Vis.  Com., 

1900-3,    Sec,    1903-4;     Com.    on  Dist.  Work, 

1906- 
Caill6,  August,  M.  D Sec.  Dist.  Com.  14,  1887;   Sec  Dist.  Com.  5, 

1888-9. 

Caldwell,  Miss  L.  S Dist.  Com.  3   (Corlears),  1901- 

Caldwell,  Miss  L.  T Ladies'    Aux.     Com.   Dist.   7,   1888-93,   Ch'n, 

1889,  1891-3;  Vis.  Com.,  1895-9,  Ch'n,  1895-7; 

Dist.  Com.  7,  1892,  1894-1901;  Com.  on  Cases 

in  A.  B.,  1894-5;  Com."  on  Laundry,  1889- 

Caldwell,  T.  O Dist.  Com.  9,  1896-7. 

Calyo,  Madame   Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,.  1898-1900. 

Canavan,  John  T Dist.  Com.  1,  1901-3. 

Cannon,  H.  Le  Grand. Dist.    Com.   5,  1893-5;    Com.   on  Wayfarers' 

Lodge,   1894-5. 


BRUSH-CLARK  177 

Carl,  The  Misses Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  5,  1888. 

Carnegie,  Andrew Ten.  House  Com.,  1898-1900. 

Carpenter,  Mrs.  C.  W Dist.  Com.  11,  1900-1. 

Caruthers,  Rev.  Prank Dist.  Com.  7,  1896-7. 

Casey,   Patrick   J Dist.  Com.  10,  1890-2. 

Casey,  Mrs.  W.  C Dist.  Com.  2,  1893-5. 

Cauldwell,   Mrs.    S.   M Dist.  Com.  6,  1894-8. 

Chamberlin,  Ward  B Treas.  Dist.  C^m.  4,  1883-7. 

Chandler,  Mrs.  J.  G.  H.... Dist.    Com.    4,    1894-7,    F.  V.,  1888,  liadies' 

Com.,  1890-3,  1895. 

Chapin,  Rev.  H.  B Dist.  Com.  9,  1900-1. 

Chapman,  Mrs.  E.  S F.  V.  Dist.  Com.  9,  1888. 

Chase,  Geo.  T.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  10  (Harl.),  1894- 

Chase,  Mrs.  Geo.  T Dist.  Com.  10,  1896-1902. 

Chase,  Miss  L.  E Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1901-2. 

Chave,  Mrs.  C.  B Bronx  Dist.  Com.  and  Vis.  Com.,  1903- 

Cheney,  George  L .C.  C,  1895-         ;   Dist.  Com.  6,  1890-2,  C.  C. 

Del.  and  Ch'n,  1891-2;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work, 
1891;  Com.  on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  1892,  1895; 
Dist.  Com.  9,  1893-8,  C.  C.  Del.  and  Ch'n, 
1896;  Com.  on  Coop.,  1895-6,  Ch'n,  1896; 
Acting  Gen.  Sec,  1896;  Exec.  Com.,  1896-  ; 
Ch'n  Com.  on  Cent.  Office  Bureaus,  1896- 
1904. 

Cheney,  Mrs.  Geo.  L Ladies'   Aux.   Com.  Dist.   6,   1888;    Com.  on 

Laundry,  1890;  Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Women, 
1900-3. 

Child,  F.  S C.  C.  Del.  and  Ch'n  Dist.  Com.  7,  1893. 

Childs,  Miss  A.  D Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1900-1;   Dist.  9,  1903-4. 

Childs,  Miss  May  H Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1898-1900. 

Chisolm,  B.  Ogden Dist.  Com.  1,  1893-7,  1900-3,  Sec,  1895,  1896- 

7;  Com.  on  Laundry,  1902-4;  Ch'n  Dist.  Com. 
3   (Corlears),  1903-        ,  C.  C.  Del.,  1906-7. 

Church,  Mrs.  B.  S F.  V.  Dist.  Com.  7,  1884. 

Church,  W.  H Dist.  Com.  6  (Chelsea),  1900-        ,  Sec,  1901- 

4,  1906- 

Ciocia,  Vincent  Corlears  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Clark,  Miss  CM Dist.  Ctom.  7  (Kips  Bay),  1902-4. 

Clark,  Mrs.  Chas.  M York.     Dist.     Com.,     1906-        ;    Vis.    Com., 

1907- 

Clark,  Mrs.  E.  M York.     Dist.     Com.,     1906-         ;     Vis.    Com., 

1907- 
Clark,  Miss  Eleanor  V Dist.  Com.  2,  1894-5. 


178  MEMBERS     OF     COUNCIL    AND     COMMITTEES 

Clark,  Miss  Ella  Mabel.. C.   P.    T.,   1901-2;    York.   Dist.   Com.,   1905-7, 

Vis.  Com.,   1905-        ,  Ch'n,   1907-         ;    Com. 

on  Dist.  Work,  Com.  on  Appeals,  1907- 

Clark,  Miss  Emily  V Dist.  Com.  2,  1896-7. 

Clark,  Lester  W Dist.  Com.  8,  1894-7. 

Clark,  Mrs.  M.  T Dist.  Com.  11,  1899-1901. 

Clark,  Mrs.  S.  BradhurstCom.  on  W.  R.,  1894-1900;   Cent.  Aux.  Com. 

of  Women,  1894- 

Clark,  Walter  H Dist.   Com.   8,   1887. 

Clark,  Mrs,  Wm.  Brewster. Dist.  Com.  2,  1891-3. 

Clarkson,  Mrs.  B Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Women,  1905- 

Clarkson,   Mrs.   Robert.  .Chelsea  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Clarkson,  Floyd Dist.  Com.  4,  1883-6. 

Clendenning,  Miss   Corlears  Dist  Com.,  1906- 

Cleveland,  Mrs.  J.  Wray.Dist.  Com.  9   (York.),  1902- 

Clews,  Miss  Elsie See  Parsons,  Mrs.  Herbert. 

Clinton,     Charles     Alex., 

M.   D Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Clute,  Horace Chelsea  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Coady,  J.  J Dist.    Com.     9,     1891-3,    Com.     on   Vis.    and 

Treat.,  1893;    Dist.  Com.  8,  1894-1901. 

Cochran,  Wm.  F. C.  C,  Com.  on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  1896-8. 

Cocks,  Rev.  O.  G Corlears    Dist.    Com.,    1906-        ,   C.   C.   Del., 

1907- 

Coe,  Miss  Amy  B Yorkville  District  Com.,  1907. 

Coe,  Chas.  A Dist.  Com.  9,  1886-7;   Dist.  Com.  7,  1888. 

Coe,  Edw.  P Dist.  Com.  1,  1888-93,  Sec,  1889-91. 

Coe,  Henry  E Dist.  Com.  13,  1886-7;   Dist.  Com.  4,  1888. 

Coggeshall,  Henry,  M.  D..Dist.   Com.   9,   1893-1900;    Com.   on   Vis.   and 

Treat.,  1893;  Vis.  Com.,  1896-7,  C.  C.  Del  and 

Ch'n,  1898-9. 

Cohoon,  Miss Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1897-8. 

Coit,  Stanton   Dist.  Com.  3,  1888,  1893-4. 

Cole,  John  H Dist.  Com.  4,  1889-90. 

Colgate,  Abner  W Dist.   Com.   10,   1883-4. 

Colgate,  Bowles ..C.  C,  1883-5;   Com.  on  Coop.,  1884-5. 

Colles,  Miss  E.  B Dist.  Com.  7  (Kips  Bay),  1902- 

Colles,  Miss  Harriet  W York.  Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Collins,  C.  F.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  2,  1892-1902. 

Collins,    Chas Dist.  Com.  10,  1886-7. 

Collins,  Miss  Ella Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1888. 

Collins,  Mrs.  J.  M Dist.  Com.   5,   1888. 


CLARK-CREMIN  179 

Colt,  Harris  D Dist.  Com.  1,  1892-5,  Treas.,  1893;   Com.  on 

Cases  in  A.  B.,  1894. 
Conkling,  Howard Dist.   Com.   14,   1883-7,   Treas.,   1884-6;    Dist. 

Com:  5,  1888. 

Connor,  L.  A.,  M.  D Com.  on  Cases  in  A.  B.,  1894-5. 

Convers,  E.  B Dist.  Com.  1,  1888. 

Cooke,  Willis  S.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  10,  1899-1904,  Sec,  1901-3. 

Coombes,  Mrs.  G.  J Vis.  Com.  Bronx  Dist,  1905. 

Coombes,  Wm.  J Ten.  House  Com.,  1903-5. 

Cornell,  Robt.  C Dist.  Com.   12,  1883-7;   C.  C,  1886-95;    Com. 

on  Mend.,  1886-95;  Cli'n,  1888,  1890-95;  Com. 

on  Memb.,   1886;     Exec.   Com.,    1887;     Dist. 

Com.    1,    1888,   1890;     Dist.   Com.   5,   1888-9, 

1891-5,  Ch'n,  1893-5;    Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1896- 
Cornell,  Mrs.  Robt.  C... Ladies'    Aux.    Com.    Dist.   5,   1888-92;    Dist 

Com.   5    (Gram.),   1893-  ;     Com.  on  Dep. 

Chil.,  1898-9. 

Cotter,  John  Dist  Com.  1,  1896-7,  1900-01. 

Cotter,  Richard  N .Dist  Com.  11,  1895. 

Cotter,  Mrs.  Richard  N.... Dist  Com.   11,   1899-1905,  Vis.  Com.,   1900-3. 
Couper,  J.  R Dist   Com.  2,  1888-9,  F.  V.,  1888;    Com.  on 

Dist  Work,  1889. 
Couper,  Mrs.  J.  R C.   C,   1888-9;     Com.   on  Dist   Work,    1888; 

Com.    on    Coop.,  1889;    Dist  Com.  2,  1889; 

Ladies'  Aux.,  1888. 
Courteney,  Rev.  Robert.  .Chelsea  Dist  Com.,  1906- 

Coward,  James  S Dist  Com.  1,  1888. 

Cox,  Charles  F C.    C,    1890-         ;      Exec.    Com.,    1892-1907; 

Com.  on  Coop.,  1890-1904,  Ch'n,  1891-5,  1901-4; 

Com.    on    Laundry,    1890-7;     Dist.    Com.    7, 

1890-5;    Com.  on  Cent  Off.  Bureaus,  1894-5; 

Com.  on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  1898-1905;  Com.  on 

Phil.  Ed.,  1902-         ;    Spec.  Com.  on  Winter 

Course,    1902-4;    C.    P.    T.,    1902-        ,    Ch'n, 

1902-5. 

Oox,  Mrs.  Charles  F Ladies'  Com.  Dist  7,  1890. 

Crampton,  Henry  E.,  M.  D.Dist.  Com.  14,  1883-7;  Dist  Com.  5,  1888. 

Crane,  John    Dist  Com.  6,  1894-1900. 

Cravath,  Paul  D Ten.  House  Com.,  1900-        ,  Ch'n,  1902- 

C.  C,  Exec.  Com.   (2d  Sec),  1907- 

Creamer,  Mrs P.  V.  Dist.  Com.  9,  1888. 

Cremin,  Jos.  D Zee.  Dist  Com.  4,  1883-6;   Dist  C.  9,"  1896-8. 


l8o  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND    COMMITTEES 

Oremin,  P.  W.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  4,  1883-6,  C.  C.  Del.,  1884-6;  C5om. 

on  Coop.,  1885-6. 
Crimmins,  Thos.  E.,  M.  D.Dist.  Com.  9,  1893-5. 

Crittenden,  Walter  H Dist.  Com.  1,  1891-7. 

Crocker^  Miss  C Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1888. 

Crosby,  Miss  Agnes Ladies'  Aux.   Com.  Dist.  .5,  1888. 

Crosby,  Miss  C.  C Ladies'  Aux.  C^m.  Dist.   5,  1888-1892;    Dist. 

Com.  5,  1893-1901. 

Crosby,  Henry  A Dist.  Com.  1,  1896-8. 

Crosby,  Mrs.  Howard Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  5,  1888-9. 

Cross,  Miss  Florence Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1899-1901. 

Cross,  Miss  Mary Dist.  Com.  2,  1895-8. 

Cross,  Rev.  Sidney Hudson  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Croswell,  Mrs.  J.  G Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1897-8. 

Crowell,  J.  P Com.  on  Cases  in  A.  B.,  1895;  Dist.  Com.  3, 

1898-9. 
Gumming,  Mrs.  Jas.  Dun= 

can Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Cunnion,  Frank Dist.  Com.  10   (Harlem),  1900- 

Curtis,  Mrs.  Eugene Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Curtis,  F.  Kingsbury Dist.  Com.  4,  1888-9. 

Curtis,  F.  L Dist.  Com.  11,  1895-9. 

Cushman,  Howard   Dist.  Com.  2,  1900-4. 

Cutting,  R.  Fulton Com.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  ex-oft.,  1903- 

Daly,  J.  I Dist.  Com.  9   (Yorkville),  1902- 

Daub,  Wm Dist.  Com.  11,  1895-7. 

Dausan,  A.  B Dist.  Com.  2,  1896-7. 

Davidson,  Miss  Lena Dist.  Com.  9,  1894-5. 

Davies,  Miss  E.  J Bronx  Dist.  Com.,  1906-7. 

Davies,  Miss  Nellie Dist.  Com.  3,  1898-1904. 

Davis,  Albert  E Dist.  Com.  11  (Bronx),  1901-        ,  Vice-Cli'n, 

1906-        ;    acting  chairman  and  C.  C.   Del., 

1907- 

Davis,  Edw.  W.,  Jr Dist.  Com.  9,  1888-90. 

Davison,  Miss  Mabel Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1899-1902. 

Day,  Miss   Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1897-1900. 

Day,  C.  S.,  Jr Dist.    Com.   9,   1896-7;     Com.  on  Wayfarers' 

Lodge,  1899-1900;   Com.  on  Indus.  Bldg.  and 

W.  Y.,  1900-4. 
Day,  Miss  Gertrude Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3    (Corlears),    1903-4;     Cor- 

lears  Dist.  Com.,  1905-        ,  Sec,  1906- 
Day,  Miss  L.  V Dist.  Com.  6   (Chelsea),  1896-1901,  1905-      ; 

Vis.  Com.,  1900-4;  F.  V.,  1906- 


CREMIN-DEWEES  l8l 

Dealy,  Wm.  J Dist.  Com.  10,  1890-2. 

Dean,  Mrs.  J.  S Dist.   Com.   8,   1901-4. 

Deary,  L.  B.,  M.  D... Dist.  Com.  5,  1900-1. 

de  Forest,  Mrs.  Henry  C.Dist.  Com.  2,  1891-5. 

de  Forest,  Henry  W Dist.  Com.  10,  1883-4. 

de  Forest,  Johnston Dist.  Com.  9,  1896-7;  Sec.  Com.  on  Way- 
farers' Lodge,  1899-1900;  Sec.  Com.  on  In- 
dus. Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1900-4;  Com.  on  Indus. 
Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1901-  ,  Treas.,  1901-4, 
1906-  ;  Com.  on  Mend.,  1902-3;  Com.  on 
J.  A.  B.,  1906-         ;  C.  C,  1906- 

de  Forest,  Lockwood Com.  on  Wood  Yard,  1889-1893;   Treas.  Com. 

on  Wayfarers'  Lodge,  1894-1900;  Com.  on 
Indus.  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1900-  ,  Treas., 
1900. 

de  Forest,  Robt.  W President,    1888-        ;    Dist.  Com.  13,   1883-6, 

1888,  Ch'n,  1885-6;  C.  C,  1885-  ;  Com.  on 
Memb.,  1885-1887;  Com.  on  Vacancies,  1885- 
6;  Exec.  Com.,  1887-  ,  Ch'n,  1888-  ; 
Dist.  Com.  2,  1888-9;  Com.  on  Prov.  Hab., 
1889-  ;  Trustee  P.  P.  F.,  1894-1901;  Com. 
on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  ex-off.,  1898-  ;  Ten. 
House  Com.,  1898-  ,  Ch'n,  1900-1;  Ch'n 
Com.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  1898-  ;  Com.  on  Cent. 
Off.  Bureaus,  1900-1901;  C.  P.  T.,  1902-  ; 
Spec.  Com.  on  Winter  Course,  1902-4;  Ch'n 
Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1905- 

de  Fritsch,  Mrs.  Hugo Vis.    Com.    Dist.    4,   1902-4;     Dist.   Com.   4, 

1903-4.  ,    . 

Denison,  Rev.  J.  H Dist.  Com.  1,  1896-1902. 

Dennett,  W.  S.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  6,  1891. 

Derby,  Richard  H.,  M.D...0 rig.    C.    C;     C.   C,  1882-6;    Com.   on  Dist. 

Work,  1882-5;  Com.  on  Vacancies,  1884-6; 
Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1888-1907. 

Devine,  Edward  T General  Secretary,  1896-  ;  Editor  Char- 
ities, 1897-  ;  Director  School  of  Phil- 
anthropy, 1903-7;  advisory  member  of  all 
committees  ex-off.,  1896- 

Devina,  Mrs.  J.  B Dist.  Com.  3,  1898-1904. 

Dew6«i,  Mrs.  H.  M Ch'n  Central  Com.,  1890-3,  C.  C.  Del.,  1891-3; 

Com.  on  Cases  in  A.  B.,  1894-5;  Dist.  Com. 
,  4,  1894-1903,  C.  C.  Del.,  1895-1900;  Ch'n. 
1896,  Sec,  1897-1900;  Corlears  Dist.  Com., 
1901-5. 


l82  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND    COMMITTEES 

Dexter,  Stanley  W Dist.  Com.  13,  1886-7,  Sec,  1887;  Dist.  Com. 

2,  1888-92;   1894,  Sec,  1888-91. 
Dexter,  Mrs.  Stanley  W... Dist.    Com.    2,    1889-93,   1895-1900;     Ladies' 

Aux.,  1888;  C^nt.  Aux.  Com.  of  Ladies,  1891. 

Dham,  Miss  Annie Dist.  Com.  9,  1894. 

Dickerman,  Geo.  W Dist.  Com.  2,  1888-91;   Com.  on  Wood  Yard, 

1890-1. 

Dienst,  A.  P. Bronx  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Dillon,  Mrs.  J.  P Vis.  Com.   Dist.   9,   1896-7. 

Dittrich,  Sister  Rosa Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  10   (Harlem),  1903- 

Dixon,   Ephraim  W Dist.  Com.  9,  1888. 

Dodd,  Miss  S.  B Vis.  Com.  Dist.  9    (Yorkville),  1896-7,  1899- 

1905;   Dist.  Com.  9,  1896- 
Dodge,  Arthur  M Orig.    C.    C,    C.    C,   1882-5,   1894-6;     Treas., 

1883-5;    Exec  Com.   1883-5,   1895-6;    Com.   on 

Finance,   1882-5;    Dist.    Com.    10,   1886;    Soc 

Vice-Pres.,  1887-93;  Com.  on  Fin.  and  Memb., 

1893-5,  Vice-Ch'n,  1893,  Ch'n,  1894-5. 

Dodge,  Cleveland  H Dist.  Com.  8,  1883-4. 

Dodge,  Geo.  E C.    C,    1888-9;    Com.  on  Fin.,  1888-9;     Dist. 

Com.    1,    1888;     Soc.    Vice-Pres.,     1890-1903; 

Com.  on  Prov.  Hab.,  1890-1903;    Trus.  P.  P. 

F.,  1894-1901. 
Donelle,  Mrs.  A.  M Vis.    Com.    Dist.    4,  1903-4;     Sec  and  F.  V. 

River.  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Doolittle,  Miss  M.  B Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1902-3. 

Doremieux,  Mrs Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1888. 

Dougherty,  Jas.  E Dist.  Com.  3,  1895. 

Dow,  Mrs.  J.  E..! Ladies'   Com.  Dis.   10,   1890;    Dist.   Com.   10, 

1891-1900. 
Downey,  Martin,  M.  D...Dist.  Com.  7  (Kips  Bay),  1896- 

Drake,  Durant Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1900-1. 

Draper,  Miss  M.  L Dist.    Com.    2,    (Greenwich)    1893-1907;    Vis. 

Com.,   1900-1. 

Dresbach,  Chas Dist.  Com.  7,  1885-7. 

Drexel,  Jos.  W C.  C,  1883-4. 

Dreyfous,  Mrs.  E.  E Dist.    Com.    3,    1893-4;     Vis.    Com.    Dist.  9, 

1896-7,  1899-1902;   Dist.  Com.  9,  1897-  ; 

Sec,  1899-         ;   Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1901-2. 

Driesler,  Mrs F.  V.  Dist.  3,  1888. 

Drisler,  Frank Dist.  Com.  6,  1900-2. 

Drisler,  Herman   C.    C,  1885-6;    Com.  on  Legal  Ques.,  1885-6; 

Com.  on  Mend.,  1886;    Dist.  Com.  7,  1885-7, 

C.  C.  Del.,  1885-6. 


DEXTER-ESTABROOK 


183 


Drucklieb,  Louis,  M.  D Dist  Com.  3,  1888. 

Drummond,  I.  Wyman Dist.   Com.   11,   1885-7,   Ch'n,   1885-7,   Treas., 

1886;   Dist.  Com.  4,  1888. 

Duane,  Miss  A Com.  on  Vis.  and  Treat.  Dist.  Com.  9,  1892-3. 

Du  Bois,  Eugene Dist.  Com.  1,  1888-91. 

Duff,  Mrs.  Harriet  A Dist.  Com.  11,  1896-7. 

Duncan,  A.  Butler Dist.  Com.  2,   1894-1900. 

Dunham,  Miss  B.  L Dist.  Com.  2,  1894. 

Durant,  Miss  Emma Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1889-1892. 

Duross,  Chas.  E Dist.  Com.  4,  1900-1. 

Dwight,  Edmund,  Jr Dist.  Com.  3,  1888. 

Dwight,   Stanley   Sec.  and  Treas.  Dist.  Com.  10,  1885-7;   Dist. 

Com.  7,  1888-9,  Sec.  and  Treas,  1888. 

Dyer,  Mrs.  E.  T F.  V.  Dist.  2,  1888. 

Eckman,  Rev.  G.  P Dist.  Com.  8,  1901-4. 

Edwards,  Rev.  J.  H Dist.  Com.  6,  1896-1901. 

Edwards,  Miss  Laura  J..Corlears  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Eger,  Miss  Bertha Dist.  Com.  3,  1893. 

Egleston,  Henry  P Dist.  Com.  10,  1884-6. 

Eidlitz,  O.  M Ten.  House  Com.,  1900- 

Eils,  Mrs.  B.  E.  J Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  10,  1903-4. 

Einstein,  Mrs.  Wm Com.  on  Dep.  Chil.,  1900-1. 

Elkus,  Miss  Sarah Corlears  Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Elliott,  J.  L Dist.  Com.  6,  1896-7;  Dist.  Com.  4,  1897-1904, 

Ch'n,  1897-8,  1903-4,  C.  C.  Del.,  1900-3;    Vis. 

Com.,  1900-3. 
Elliott,  Miss  O Dist.  Com.  4   (Chelsea),  1903- 


Ellis,  Mrs.  E.  P. 
Ely,  Arthur  H . . 


Emerson,  J.  H.,  M.  D. 

Emery,  H.  C 

Emery,  Mrs.  M.  D. . . . 
Emrich,   Miss  Phebe. . 


Erdman,  Martin   

Erlandsen,  Mrs.   Oscar 
Erving,  Mrs.  John. . . 


Estabrook,  Arthur  F. 


..Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1890. 

..Dist.  Com.  1,  1899-1903,  C.  C.  Del.,  1900-3; 
Hudson  Dist.  Com.,  1905-7. 

..Dist.  Com.  10,  1883-6,  Sec.  and  Treas.,  1885-6. 

..Dist.  Com.  9,  1894-5. 

..Vis.  Com.  Dist.  11,  1900-2. 

..Dist.  Com.  11  (Bronx),  1895-1907,  Sec,  1896- 
1905. 

..C.  C,  Com.  on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  1896-8. 

..Vis.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1900-1. 

..Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1890;  Cent.  Aux.  Com. 
of  Ladies,  1892-  ;  Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4, 
1891-3,  Ch'n,  1892-3,  1895;  Dist.  Com.  4,  1894- 
5;  Com.  on  W.  R.,  1894-1900;  Com.  on  Laun- 
dry, 1900-4. 

..Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1905- 


184  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND    COMMITTEES 

Eustis,  John  E C.  C.  Del.  and  Ch'n  Bronx  Dist.  Com.,  1903- 

1907;  Com.  on  Adv.  and  Inf.,  1906-7. 

Evans,  Miss  A.  B Dist.  Com.  5  (Gram.),  1901- 

Evans,  Miss  Ethel  R Dist.  Com.  3,  1896-7. 

Evans,  Mrs.  Glendower Com.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  1898-1903. 

Everard,  Jos.  M Dist.  Com.  7  (Kips  Bay),  1900- 

Everit,  Rov.  F.  B Dist.  Com.  9,  1901-2. 

Fahnestock,  H.  C C.   C,  Com,  on  Pin.,   1889;    Soc.  Vice-Pres., 

1890- 

Fahnestock,  Wm C.  C,  Com.  on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  1891-3. 

Fairchild,  Chas.  S Orig.  C.  C;  C.  C.  Vice-Pres.,  1882-5,  1889-99; 

Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1887-8,  1899-         ;  Ch'n  Com. 

on  Dist.  Work,  1882-5;   Com.  on  Pub.,  1883- 

5;  Com.  on  Legal  Ques.,  1883-5;  Exec.  Com., 

1884-5,   1890-1;    Dist.   Com.   12,   1884-5;    Com. 

on    Prov.    Hab.,   1890-         ;     Trus.  P.  P.  F.", 

1894-1901. 
Fairchild,  Mrs.  Chas.  S...Sec.  Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1890-1;  Vis.  Com. 

Dist.  3,  1900-2. 

Fairchild,  E.  M Dist.  Com.  9,  1896-7. 

Fairfax,  Hamilton  R.  ...Dist.  Com.  4,  1889-90;   Dist.  Com.  1,  1891-5; 

Yorkville  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 
Fairfax,  Mrs.  Hamilton  R.  Ladies'    Aux.    Com.   Dist.    4,   1889-91,   Ch'n, 

1889;  Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  2,  1888;  Cent. 

Aux.  Com.  of  Ladies,  1890-1. 

Fargo,  Mortimer  Dist  Com.  8,  1894. 

Farquar,  W.  F Dist.  Com.  8,  1895. 

Farquhar,  Wm.  J Dist.  Com.  7,  1896-7. 

Farr,  Powers   Dist.  Com.  4,  1890-2. 

Farwell,  Wm.  D Dist.  Com.  4,  1883-5,  C.  C.  Del.,  1883-4. 

Faulkner,  Miss  Jean  A Vis.  Com.  Dist.  1,  1897-8. 

Faure,  John  P Dist.  Com.  13,  1883-4. 

Fellows,  James   Dist.   Com.   14,   1883-7,   Ch'n,   1884-6,   Treas., 

1887;  Dist.  Com.  5,  1888-93,  Treas.,  1888-92. 

Ferrar,  Jos6  M.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  8,  1887;  Dist.  Com.  7,  1888-93. 

Field,  Miss  C Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1890-1. 

Field,  Mrs.  E.  B Dist.  Com.  2,  1895-1903. 

Field,  Mrs.  E.  M Dist.  Com.  2,  1889-92. 

Finnell,  Dr.  Thos.  C,  Jr... Dist.  Com.  13,  1883-4. 

Fischer,  Louis,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  3,  1891-2. 

Fish,  Mrs.  A.  E Ladies'    Aux.    Com.    Dist.    6,    1889-90,    Sec, 

1889;  Dist.  Com.  6,  1891-1900. 


EUSTIS-FOX  185 

Fish,  Nicholas  C.  C,  1887-94;  Com.  on  Coop.,  1887;  Com.  on 

Mend.,   1887,   1889,   1891-5;    Com.   on  Memb., 

1888;  Com.  on  Fin.,  1889;  Com.  on  Fin.  and 

Memb.,  1890;  Com.  on  Immig.,  1890;  Com. 

on  Audit  of  Ace,  1894;  Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1896- 

1901. 

Fisher,  Mrs.  F.  D Dist.  Com.  10,  1891-2,  Ladies'  Com.,  1890. 

Fisher,  Joel  E Com.   on   Laundry,   1889. 

Fiske,  Mrs.  O Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3  (Corlears),  1898-1903;  Cor- 

lears  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Fitzgerald,  Mrs.  R.  Y Dist.  Com.  2,  1901-3. 

Fitzpatrick,  Wm Dist.  Com.  2    (Green),  1900- 

Flagg,  Ernest Ten.   House  Com.,   1898-1900. 

Flagg,  Miss  Harriet  G Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1897-1903. 

Flagg,  Wm.   S Com.  on  Coop.,  1883-6;   Dist.  Com.  10,  1883- 

6;   O.  C,  1884-6. 

Flanagan,  Mrs.  W.  W Dist.  Com.  8  (Hudson),  1899-1907. 

Fleming,  Matthew  C.   ...Ten.  House  Com.,  1903- 

Floyd,  Augustus   Dist.  Com.  8,  1896-1901. 

Floyd,  Mrs.  Augustus Dist.  Com.  2,  1889-91. 

Floyd,  John  G Dist.    Com.    1,   1888-94,    Ch'n,    1890-4;    C.    C. 

Del.,   1891-4;    Ch'n   Com.   on   Audit  of  Ace, 

1894. 

Floyd,  Mrs.  Nicoll,  Jr Dist.  Com.  2,  1890-1. 

Foley,  Mrs.  J.  R Ladies'  Com.  Dist,  10,  1890. 

Folks,  Homer Dist.  Com.  9,  1896-1903;   Com.  on  Dep.  Chil., 

1898-1901;     Com.    on    Phil.    Ed.,    1899-1903; 

C.   P.   T.,   1901-         ;    C.   C,   1902-         ;    Com. 

on  Statistics,  1902-3;   Spec.  Com.  on  Winter 

Course,  1902-4;   Com.  on  Soc.  Res.,  1903- 

Folks,  Ralph Yorkville  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Foote,  Edward  M.,  M.  D.Hud.   Dist.   Com.,   1906- 

Forbes,  Francis Dist.  Com.  9,  1889-90. 

Forbes,  Miss  Harriet Bronx  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Ford,  Miss  Mary Dist.    Com.     2,     1891,    1893-1902,   Vis.    Com., 

1900-1. 

Ford,  Miss  S.  H Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Foster,  Abbott  C.  C.  Del.  Dist.  Com.  8,  1897-1900;   Com.  on 

Dist.  Work,  1899-1900. 

Fowler,  Mrs.  E.  M.. F.  V.  Riverside  Dist.,  1907- 

Fowler,  Geo.  B Ten.  House  Com.,  1900-7. 

Fowler,  Miss  Kate F.  V.  Riverside  Dist.,  1907- 

Fox,  Norman   C.  C,  Com.  on  Fin.,  Com.  on  Pub.,  1886. 


l86  MEMBERS    OF     COUNCIL    AND     COMMITTEES 

Fox,   Robt.    a P.  V.  Dist.  2,  1888. 

Francolini,  Jos.  N Dist.   Com.   1,   1902-3. 

Frankel,   Lee   K Com.  on  Dep.  Chil.,  1899-1900;     Spec.    Com. 

on  Winter  Course,  1902-4;   Char.  Pub.  Con^, 

1906-         ;    C.    P.    T.,    1906-         ;    Asso.    Ed. 

Charities,  1906- 
Franklin,  Dr.  Eugene  N..Dist.  Com.  11,  1902-3. 

Franks,  Miss  J.  B Dist.  Com.  2,  1890. 

Freeman,  Mrs.  R.  G Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1890-2. 

Friedenstein,  S Dist.  Com.  3,  1888-90,  Treas.,  1888. 

Friedman,  Miss  M Vis.     Com.     Dist.     7     (Kips     Bay),    1897-9; 

1901- 
Friel,  John  J Dist.   Com.   7    (Kips   Bay),   1898-1907;    Vice- 

Ch'n,  1905-7. 

Gallagher,  Jas.  A Dist.    Com.    2    (Green.),    1900-7. 

Gannon,  James  H Com.  on  Adv.  and  Inf.,  1906- 

Garrison,  Mrs Com.  on  Laundry,  1889. 

Gates,  Miss  B.  B Dist.  Com.  7   (Kips  Bay),  1901-4. 

Gates,  Horace  P Dist.  Com.  4,  1888. 

Gates,  Mrs.  Horace  P F.  V.  Dist.  4,  1888. 

George,  Wm.  R Dist.  Com  6,  1892. 

Gerard,  Jas.  W Dist.    Com.    12,  1883-7,  Ch'n,  1883-4,  1886-7; 

C.    C.    Del.,   1883-4;     Dist.   Com.   5,   1888-95, 

Ch'n,  1889-90. 

Gibson,  Miss  Anna  L Dist.  Com.  5   (Gram.),  1901-5. 

Giddings,  Franklin  H.   ..C.  C,  1895,  ex-off.  rep.  Col.  Univ.,  1901-        ; 

Com.    on    Statistics,    1895-1903,    Ch'n,    1895, 

1901-3;    Ch'n  Com.   on   Soc.  Res.,   1905-         ; 

C.    P.    T.,    1902;    Com.    on    Cent.    Off.    Bur., 

1896-1903. 

Giddings,  Mrs.  F.  H Dist.  Com.  8,  1897- 

Gifford,  Miss  Agnes  L.  ..Kips  Bay  Dist.  Com.,  1906-  ffl 

Gilbert,  Robt.  W Dist    Com.    7,    1898-9;     Com.   on   Laundry, 

1889. 
Gilder,  Richard  Watson. .  .Ten.  House  Com.,  1898-1900. 

Gillette,  Miss  E.  M Sec.  Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  10,  1890. 

Gillette,  Mrs.  M.  G. Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  10,  1890;   Dist.  Com.  10, 

1891. 

Gillilan,  W.  K Dist.  Com.  12,  1885-6. 

Gillis,  Miss  Isabella Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1900-2. 

Gilman,  Daniel  C Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1905- 

Gilmore,  Mrs.  M.  A Dist.  Com.  10,  1897-8. 

Glenn,  John  M Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1907- 


FOX-GRIFFIN 


187 


Goddard,  F.  Norton 


Godson,  George  H.,  M.  D 

Goeller,  Robert   , 

Colder,  Sheffield   

Golding,  Miss  A 

Goodwin,  Jasper  T 


Goodyear,  Miss  Agnes  C. . 


Goodyear,  Mrs.  Chas. 
Gould,  Chas.  W 


Gould,  Mrs.  Clement 

Gould,  E.  R.  L 


Grade,  James  K. 


Graham,  Mrs.  A.  M 
Graham,  Miss  Lily. 
Gray,  J.  F.,  M.  D... 
Green,  Douglas  . . . 
Green,  Geo.  Walton 
Greenough,  Wm.   . . 


Gregg,  Rev.  C.  F 

Gregory,  H.  E 

Griffin,  Rev.  A.  W. . 
Griffin,  Chas.  F. .. . . 


Griffin,  Edw.  P. 


,Ch'n  Dist.  Com.  8,  1883-5;    Ch'n  Dist.  Com. 
9,  1885-7;   Ton.  House  Com.,  1900-4. 
,Sec.  Dist  Com.  10    (Harlem),  1903- 
Dist.  Com.  4,  1897-1901. 
Dist.  Com.  3,  1888-9. 
Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1897-1905. 
Dist.  Com.  4,  1887;   Com.  on  Mend.,  1888-9; 
Com.   on  Legal   Ques.,   1888;    Com.   on  Dist. 
Work,    1889;    Dist.    Com.    9,    1888-91;    C.    C. 
Del.  and  Treas.,  1888-9,  Ch'n,  1890. 
Dist.   Com.   8,   1895;    Com.   on    Dist.    Work, 
Dist.  Com.  4,  Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1901-3. 
Dist.  Com.  10,  1898-9. 

Dist.  Com.  10,  1884-7;    C.  C,  1886-91;   Com. 
on     Legal     Ques.,     1886-91;     Com.    on   Pub., 
1886;     Com.   on   Vacancies,   1887;     Com.   on 
Coop.,  1888;    Com.  on  Memb.,  1889. 
Dist.  Com.  6,  1895-7. 

Ten.  House  Com.,  1898-  ;   Com.  on  Phil. 

Ed.,  1898-1903. 

C.    C,    1883-91;     Soc.  Vice-Pres.,   1891-1902; 
Sec,  1884-8;   Exec.  Com.,  1884-6,  1888;   Com. 
on  Fin.,   1884-5;    Com.  on  Mend.,  1887-1890; 
Com.  on  Memb.,  1889;  Dist.  Com.  1,  1889-93. 
,F.  V.  Dist.  4,  1888. 
See  Field,  Mrs.  E.  B. 
Dist.  Com.  4,  1896-7. 
Dist.  Com.  9,  1888. 
Dist.  Com.  8,  1883-5,  Sec,  1883-4. 
,C.   C,   1887,   1894-9;     Soc  Vice-Pres.,    1893; 
Dist.    Com.     13,     1883-7,    C.   C.   Del.,    1883-6, 
Ch'n,  1883-5;   Com.  on  Fin.,  1885-7;   Com.  on 
Memb.,    1886;     Com.    on     Fin.   and   Memb., 
1896-7;     Com.     on     Vacancies,     1887;     Dist. 
Com.    4,    1888;    Exec    Com.,     1887,     1894-7; 
Com.    on    Cent.    Off.    Bur.,    1894-7;    Com.    on 
Pub.,  1896-7. 

Kips  Bay  Dist.  Com.,  1903-7. 
Dist.  Com.  7,  1895. 
Dist.  Com.  1,   1897-1900. 

Dist.    Com.     6,     1890-1;     Com.   on   Laundry, 
1891-2. 
Dist.  Com.  10,  1890-7;  C.  C.  Del.,  1892. 


l88  MEMBERS    OF     COUNCIL    AND     COMMITTEES  ' 

Griffith,  Harold  R Dist.  Com.  2,  1890. 

Griffiths,  J.  J.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  4,  1886-7;   Dist.  Com.  9,  1888-95. 

Grinnell,  E.  M C.  C,  Treas.  Com.  on  Laundry,  1905-  ; 

Com.  on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  1905. 

Gross,  Saml.  L Dist.  Com.  10,  1895-1903,  Sec,  1896-1901. 

Guggenheim,   William    ..Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1906- 

Guillaume,  Chas.  L Dist.  Com.  14,  1884-6. 

Gulliver,  Mrs.  Wm.  C C.  C,  1888-90;  Com.  on  Coop.,  1888-90;  Com. 

on  Memb.,  1888-9,  Ch'n,  1888.. 

Gurney,  Miss  Marion  F Dist.  Com.  7,  1898-1900. 

Guy,  Chas.  L ...Dist.    Com.   6,   1891. 

Gwinnell,  Wm.  B Dist.  Com.  1,  1891-1903;   Sec,  1892-3. 

Gwyre,  E.  G Bronx  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Hadden,  A.  M Com.  on  W.  Y.,  1892-3;   Com.  on  Wayfarers' 

Lodge,  1894-5. 
Hadden,  Mrs.  Harold  F...Lad.  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  2,  1888;   Dist.  Com.  2, 

1889-91. 

Hadley,  Miss  Edith Vis.  Com.  Dist.  6,  1902-3. 

Haendle,  Miss  Emma Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Haines,  Miss  E.  L Dist.  Com.  7  (Kips  Bay),  1901- 

Haines,  Richard  T Dist.  Com.  13,  1883-7. 

Hall,  Mrs.  A.  B Dist.  Com.  11  and  Vis.  Com.,  1900-1. 

Hall,  C Dist.  Com.  9,  1898-9.    • 

Hall,  Dr.  Edward  W Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Hall,  Frank  C List.  Com.  4,  1902-3. 

Hall,  Frank  L Dist.    Com.     6,    1890-7;     Com.   on  Laundry, 

1891. 

Hall,  Fred   S Com.  on  Dep.  Chil.,  1902-3. 

Hall,  Miss  Margaret  W. . Yorkville  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Hallock,  S.  F.,  M.  D Dist.    Com.    7    (Kips  Bay),  1894-        ,   Ch'n 

and  C.  C.  Del.,  1896-         ;  Com.  on  Phil.  Ed., 

1898-         ;     Spec    Com.    on  Winter  Course, 

1902-4;  Sub.  Com.  on  Relief  of  C.  P.  T.,  1906- 
;    Exec.  Com.,  1902-         ;    Ch'n  Com.  on 

Dist.  Work,  1899- 
Hamilton,  Miss  J.  F Com.  on  Laundry,  1889-         ;    Ladies'  Aux. 

Com.  Dist.  7,  1888-93,  Ch'n,  1890,  Vis.  Com., 

1895-7;    Dist.   Com.   7,   1894-7. 
Hamilton,  J.  H Dist.   Com.   3    (Corlears),   1902-5,   Vice-Ch'n, 

1906- 

Hamilton,  Wm.  G Dist.  Com.  12,  1887;   Dist.  Com.  5,  1888. 

Hamlin,  Mrs Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1897-9. 

Hamlin,  Walter  A Dist.  Com.  8,  1885-7,  Sec  and  Treas.,  1886-7. 

Hardwick,  Benj. Dist.    Com.    9,    1889-95,    Treas.,    1890;    C.    C. 

Del.  and  Ch'n,   1891-2. 


GRIFFITH-HERNSHEIM 


189 


Hare,  Mrs.  J.  N 

Harkness,  Edward  S. 


Harlin,  Miss  Julia 

Harlin,  Miss  M 

Harmon,  William  E.  •  • 

Harrigan,  Dr.  J.  B 

Harris,  Mrs 

Harris,  Rev.  Gibson  W, 


Harris,  Mrs 

Harris,  Mrs.  M.  H 

Harris,  R.  Duncan 


Harris,  Mrs.  T.  J 

Harris,  Rev.  T.  W 

Haven,  Miss  F.  A.  L. . 
Hawkes,  R.  Forbes,  M 

Hayden,  Miss  K 

Hays,  Danl.  P 

Hazen,   Miss  Charlotte 
Heaton,  Mrs.  E.  R 


Helmeyer,  Mrs.  K 

Henderson,  Mrs.  C.  R. 
Henderson,  Edw.  C 


Henderson,  Mrs.  Edw. 


Henderson,  Mrs.  J.  K. 
Henshaw,  Rev.  A.  N . , 
Herbert,  Dr.  Henry... 
Hernsheim,  Mrs.  Jos . . 


..Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1893,  1895;  Dist.  Com. 

4,  1894-5. 
..O.   C,  1905-         ;    Com.  on  Pin.   and  Memb. 

and     Com.     on     Adv.    and    Inf.,    1906-         ; 

Exec.  Com.   (2d  Sec),  1907- 
..Dist.  Com.  8,  1899-1901. 
. .  See  McKenna,  Mrs.  C.  F. 
..Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1906- 
..Dist.  Com.  7,  1899-1902. 
..Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1898-9. 
..Dist.    Com.    11    (Bronx),    1901-  ;    C.    C. 

Del.  and  Ch'n,  1901-3. 
..F.  V.  Riverside  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 
..Dist.   Com.   10,   1892-4. 
..Grig.   C.   C;    C.   C,   1882-5;    Soc.   Vice-Pres., 

1887-1902;     Com.    on    Coop.,   and    Com.    on 

Memb.,  1882-5;   Com.  on  Legal  Ques.,  1883-4. 
..Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1899-1900. 
..Dist.  Com.  7,  1897-8. 
..Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1890-1. 
D.Dist.   Com.  5    (Gram.),   1895- 
..Vis.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1896-7. 
..Dist.  Com.  10,  1892-4. 
..Sub.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1901-3. 
..Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  9,  1891;   Vis.  Com.  Dist. 

9,  1896-7;  Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Ladies,  1891-2. 
. .  Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1888. 
..Dist.  Com.  5,  1893-5. 
..Dist.   Com.   2,   1889-1903,   Sec,    1890-1;    Cent. 

Com.,   1890-2,   Sec,   1891-2;     Com.   on    Coop., 

1890;    Com.  on  Reg.,   1891-3;    Com.  on  Cent. 

Gff.  Bur.,  1896-1904;  C.  C,  1894-5;   Soc.  Vice- 
Pres.,  1905- 
C.Dist.  Com.  2  (Greenwich),  1889-         ;   Treas. 

Cent.   Com.,    1890-3,    C.   C.    Del.,    1890;    Com. 

on   Coop.,    1890;     Com.    on   Cent.   Off.    Bur., 

1894,  1896-1903;    Com.  on  Dist.  Work,   1900^ 
. .  Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1903-4. 
..Dist.    Com.   9,    1896-8. 
..C.   P.  T.,   1901-2. 
..Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1888,  1891;  F.  V. 

1888;   Com.  on  Vis.  and  Treat,  1892-3;   Vis. 

Com.,   1896-7;    Dist.  Com.   9,   1894-1900. 


igO  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND    COMMITTEES 

Herrick,  Everett . Dist.  Com.  10,  1887. 

Herrick,  Harold    C.  C,  1898-         ;    Com.  on  Fin.  and  Memb., 

1898-        ,    Ch'n,    1898-1905. 

Herschel,  Mrs.  A.  H Corlears  Dist.  Com.,  1906-7. 

Herzfeld,  Miss  E.  Q F.  V.   Riverside   Dist.   Com.,   1907- 

Hewitt,  Abram  S Com.  on  Prov.  Hab.,  1890-1902;   Trus.  P.  P. 

F.,  1895-1901;    Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1896-1902. 
Hibbs,  Russell  A.,  M.  D.Com.  on  Emp.  Bur.  for  Handicapped,  1906- 
Higgens,  Mrs.  J.  E.  Q...Dist.  Com.  3,  Corlears  1901-5,  1907- 

Higgins,  Francis Eist.  Com.  3,  1888-9. 

Higgins,  Mrs.  L.  S F.  V.  Dist.  Com.  9,  1888. 

Higginson,  Jas.  J C.  C,  1891-5;  Com.  on  Coop.,  1891;   Com.  on 

Fin.  and  Memb.,  1891-5,  Ch'n,  1892-3;    Exec. 

Com.,  1892-3,  1895. 
Higginson,  Mrs.  Jas.  J... Com.  on  Laundry,  1897- 

Hill,  Mrs.  A.  A York.  Dist.  Com.,  1903-7;   Vis.  Com.,  1903-5. 

Hill,  C F.  V.  Dist.  4,  1888. 

Hill,  Mrs.  E.  B Dist.  Com.   8,   1899-1900 

Hilles,  C.  D Spec.  Com.  on  Winter  Course,  1902-4. 

Hinton,  Miss  C Ladies'    Aux.    Com.    Dist.    6,    1889-90;    Dist. 

Com.   6,   1891-7;    Sec.   Ladies'  Com.   Dist.   6, 

1894-7. 
Hitchcock,  B.  W. C.  C.   Del.  Dist.  Com.  16,  1887;    Dist.  Com. 

3,  1888;   Dist.  Com.  6,  1890. 
Hoadly,  Mrs.   Geo C  C,  1889;   Com.  on  Memb.,  1889;   Com.  on 

Laundry,    1889-1900;    Ladies'    Com.    Dist.    7, 

1889-90. 

Hobart,  Miss  M Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1898-1901. 

Hoeber,  Dr.  E.  W Dist.  Com.  7   (Kips  Bay),  1902-4. 

Hoffman,  Mrs.  Bernard ...  Vis.  Com.  Kips  Bay  Dist,  1905. 

Hoffman,  Mrs.  Burrall. ..  .Ladies'   Aux.    Com.   Dist.    5,    1888-92;     Dist. 

Com.   5,   1893-1902;    Com.  on  Laundry,  1897- 

1900. 
Hoffman,  Mrs.  Frederick.  .F.  V.  Dist.  Com.  9,  1888;  Ladies'  Com.,  1889- 

91;    Com.   on   Vis.   and   Treat.,    1893;     Dist. 

Com.  9,  1894-5. 
Hoffman,  Mrs.  Richard- -Dist.  Com.  6   (Chelsea),  1892-1902,  1905-       ; 

Ch'n  Vis.  Com.  Dist.  6,  1902-4;  F.  V.  Chelsea 

Dist.,  1906- 
Holcombe,  Willis  B Dist.  Com.  9,   1892-5,   Sec,  1893-4;   Com.  on 

Vis.  and  Treat.  Dist.  Com.  9,  1892-3. 

Hdlden,  Mrs.  Edw.  H Dist.  Com.  11,  1899-1903. 

Holden,  T.  N.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  3,  1888-90. 


HERRICK-HUMPHRIES  IQI 

Holland,  Miss  Blanche  I. .  .Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1903-4. 

Hollis,  W.  Stanley Dist.  Com.   10,   1902-3. 

Hollis,  Mrs.  W.  Stanley. .  .Ladies'    Aux.    Com.   Dist.  10,   1903-4;     Com. 

on    Dist.    Work,   1905-6;     River.  Dist.  Com. 

and  F.  V.,  1905-6;  Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1905-6. 

HoUister,  George  C Com.  on  Indus.  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1905- 

Holls,  Fred.  Wm C.  C,  1892-1902;    Com.  on  Coop.,  1892-1901; 

Com.  on  Pub.,   1893-7;    Com.  on  Leg.  Ques., 

1894-1902,    Ch'n,    1894;     Com.   on   Statistics, 

1895-1902;     Com.     on    Pub.    and   Lib.,    1897- 

1902;     Ten.    House    Com.,    1898-1902,    Ch'n, 

1898-1900. 

Holsten,   Mrs.   F Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1888-9. 

Holt,  L.  Emmett,  M.  D...C.  P.  T..  1906- 

Hone,  John,  Jr Dist.  Com.  6,  1902-3. 

Hope,  Chas.  E Dist.  Com.  10,  1890-4,  Treas.,  1890-3. 

Hopkins,  Mrs.  A.  L Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Women,  Com.  on  W.  R., 

1896-9. 

Hopkins,  Henry  C Dist.  Com.  7,  1890;  Com.  on  W.  Y.,  1891-2. 

Hopkins,  Miss  J.  A Dist.    Com.    7    (Kips    Bay),    1896-1904,    Vis. 

Com.,  1896-1903. 

Hopkins,  Miss  J.  C Vis.  Com.  Dist.  1,  1898-1900. 

Hopkins,  Woolsey  R Dist.  Com.  6,  1890-91. 

Hopkinson,  Mrs.  A Vis.  Com.  Dist  3,  1897-8. 

Hotchkiss,  T.  W Dist.  Com.  7,  1897-1900. 

Houghton,  Mrs.  L.  S Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1889-92;   Dist.  Com.  3, 

1896-7. 
Howe,  Miss  E Dist.    Com.    3,    1894,    1899-1905;    Vis  Com., 

1897-8. 

Howe,  Jos.  W Dist.  Com.  14,  1883-7. 

Howe,  Miss  M.  E. Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1898-9. 

Howell,  Miss  L.  C Vis.  Com.   Dist.  11    (Bronx),   1900-4;    Bronx 

Dist.  Com.,  1903-5. 

Howells,  Wm.  Dean Dist.  Com.  5,  1889.    . 

Howland,  Henry  E Dist.  Com.  13,  1883-6. 

Hoyt,  Francis  D Dist    Com.     10,     1898-1903;     Com."  on    Dist 

Work,  1900-2. 

Hubbard,  Miss  A.  C Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1901-3. 

Hubbell,  Rev.  W.  N Green.   Dist.   Com.,  1906- 

Huddleston,  J.  H.,  M.  D.C.  P.  T.,  1902-        ;  Sub.  Com.  on  Relief,  1906- 

Hughes,  Rev.  Wm.  M Dist.  Com.  3,  1893. 

Humphries,  Rev.  R.  F DiSt.  Com.  11,  1896-1900. 


192  MEMBERS    OF     COUNCIL    AND    COMMITTEES 

Hunt,  Miss  Daisy  Lord Dist.  Com.  11,  1896-1900. 

Hunt,  Miss  J.  A Dist.  Com.  7    (Kips  Bay),  1902- 

Hunter,  Mrs.  L ..Dist.  Com.  8   (Huds),  1903- 

Hunter,  Robert   C.  P.  T.,  1901-4. 

Huntington,  Mrs.  ArdierGramercy  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Hurd,  Chas.  S Dist.  Com.   6,   1888-9. 

Hurry,  Randolph    Dist.  Com.  7,  1889-92. 

Husted,    Mrs.    A Dist.  Com.  8,  1898-1901. 

Hutchinson,  Mrs F.  V.  Dist.  Com.  9,  1888. 

Hutchinson,  Mrs.  John Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1898-1901. 

Hyde,  Mrs.  A.  G Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of    Ladies,    1892;     Ladies' 

Com.  Dist.  9,  1891;  Com.  on  Vis.  and  Treat. 

Dist.  Com.  9,  1893;   Dist.  Com  9,  1895. 

Hyde,  Geo.  H Dist.  Com.  3,  1888-1892. 

Hyde,  Miss  H.  M Com.  on  Vis.  and  Treat.  Dist. 'Com  9,  1892- 

3,  Sec,  1892;   Dist.  Com.  9,  1894;   Dist.  Com. 

6,   1894-7. 

Ireland,  Miss   Corlears  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Ireland,  Mrs.  F.  G Dist.  Com.   7,   1895-1900;    Vis.   Com.   Dist.   9, 

1896-7.  . 
Ireland,  J.  deCoursey Dist.    Com.    7,   1896-7;     Dist.   Com.   4,   1897- 

1900. 

Ireland,  Joseph   Dist.  Com.  10,  1890. 

Irvin,  Rev.  Wm Dist.  Com.  2  (Greenwich),  1901- 

Irwin,  Miss  Clara Com.  on  Emp.  Bur.  for  Handicapped,   1906- 

Isaacs,  Isaac  S C.    C,    Com.    on  Coop.,  Com.  on  Vacancies, 

1885-6. 

Iselin,  Adrian,  Jr Dist.  Com.  10,  1883-4. 

Iselin,  Miss  Helen See  Henderson,  Mrs.  Edw.  C. 

Iselin,  Henry  S Dist.  Com.  13,  1886;    C.   C.   Del  Dist.  Corns. 

13  and  15,  1887;   Dist.  Com.  2,  1888-93,  C.  C. 

Del.  and  Treas.,  1888-9,  Ch'n,  1889-93;   C  C, 

1890-3;    Com.  on  Coop.,  1887;    Ch'n  Com.  on 

W.    Y.,    1889-93;     Com',    on   Laundry,   1889; 

Exec.  Com.,  1889-93. 

Isham,  Miss  Julia See  Taylor,  Mrs.  H.  O. 

Israels,  Mrs.  Charles  H..Dist.  Com.  8    (Hudson),   1903- 

Ives,  Miss  Eunice .....See  Maynard,  Mrs.  W.  E. 

Ives,  H.  G Vis  Com.  Dist.  4,  1900-1. 

Ives,  Miss  Winifred Dist.   Com.   6    (Chel.),  1894-         ;    Vis.  Com., 

1900-1,   F.  v.,   1906- 


HUNT-JOHNSON  I93 

Jackson,       Rev.     Samuel  ^ 

Macauley Dist.    Com.    9,    1885-7,  C.  C.  Del.  and   Sec, 

1887;  C.  C,  1888-1903;  Com.  on  Pub.,  1887- 
97,  Ch'n,  1888-97;  Ch'n  Com.  on  Pub.  and 
Lib.,  1897-1903;  Com.  on  Memb.,  1889;  Com. 
on  W.  Y.,  1892-3;  Sec.  Com.  on  Wayf.  Lodge, 
1894-9;  Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1904- 

Jacobi,  A.,  M.  D C.  P.  T.,   1901- 

Jacobs,  Mrs.  E P.  V.  Dist.  6,  1888;  Ladies'  Aux.  Com.,  1889- 

90;  Dist.  Com.  6,  1891-4;  Dist.  Com.  8  (Hud- 
son), 1894- 

Jacobus,  W.  W Dist.  Com.  3,  1889. 

James,  D.  Willis  Grig.  C.  C. 

James,  H.  A Com.  on  W.  Y.,  1889-90. 

James,  Walter  B.,  M.  D..Dist.  Com.  6,  1890-1;  C.  P.  T.,  1902- 

Janeway,  E.  Q.,  M.  D....C.  P.  T.,  1902 

Janeway,  T.  C,  M.  D....C.  C,   1902-  ;    Com.  on  Mend.,   1902-4;    Ch'n 

Com.  on  Emp.  Bur.  for  Handicapped,   1906- 

Jay,  Mrs.  Augustus Kips  Bay  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Jeliffe,  Rev.  W.  Raymond .  Dist.  Com.  1,  1902-3. 

Jennings,  Miss  Annie  B.C.    C,    1895-         ;    Com.   on   Cent.   Off.   Bur., 

1895-         ;    Exec.   Com.,   1896;  ;    Com.   on 

Dep.  Chil.,  1898-1902;  Com.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  1899- 
;     C.   P.   T.,   1901-         ;    Com.   on   Dist. 
Course,    1902-4;    Dist.    Com.    7,    (Kips    Bay) 
1902- 

Jennings,  Frederic  B.  ...C.  C,  Ch'n  Com.  on  Mend.,  1902-         ;   Com. 

on    Phil.    Ed.,    1903-4,    1906-  ;     Com.  on 

Prov.   Rel.   Funds,   1907- 
,  Jennings,    Oliver   G Dist.  Com.  1,  1900-3. 

Jennings,  Dr.  W.  H F.  V.  Dist.  3,  1888. 

Jennings,  Walter  Com.  on  Prov.  Hab.,  1891-         ;   Trust.  P.  P. 

F.,  1894-1901. 

Jerome,  Miss  Alice Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  2,  1888;   Dist.  Com. 

2,  1889. 

Johnes,  Mrs.  W.  F Dist.    Com.     11     (Bronx),    1900-  ,    Sec, 

1906-        ,  Vis.  Com.,  1900-3. 

Johnson,  Mrs.  Burges. . -Dist.    Com.    9     (Yorkville),   1901-         ,   Sec, 

1902-3,  Vis.  Com.,  1901-3. 

Johnson,  Mrs.  Chas.  H Ladies'  Aux.  Com    Dist.  7,  1888. 

Johnson,  Miss  Harriet  M.Bronx  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 


194  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND    COMMITTEES 

Johnson,  Miss  M Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  6,  1888. 

Johnson,  Reginald  B.  P...Dist.  Com.  2,  1894-5. 

Johnston,  Colles   Dist.  Com.   13,   1883-6. 

Johnston,  H.   S Com.  on  Indus.  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1899-1905, 

Ch'n,  1901-4;    Sec.  and  Treas.,  1905. 

Jones,  Mrs Ladies'   Com.  Dist.  3,  1889. 

Jones,  Edward  E Har.  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Jones,  Howard  L Dist.  Com.   9    (York),  1902-4. 

Jones,  Miss  Laura Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  and  F.  V.  Dist.  3,  1888. 

Kammerer,  Walter  G Dist.  Com.  3,  1891-4. 

Kane,  Miss  L.  L Dist.    Com.    7,    1894-  ;    Vis.    Com.,   1895- 

1907;  Com.  on  Dep.  Chil.,  1902-3. 
Karelson,  Frank  E Dist.  Com.  1,  1901-3;    Com.  on  Dist.  Work., 

and  Dist.  Com.  3    (Corlears),  1903- 

Kattell,  Mrs Vis  Com.   Dist.  9,   1896-7. 

Katz,  Maurice  J Dist.  Com.  3,  1893-4. 

Katzenstein,  L.  B Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1900-1;   Sec.  Dist.  Com.  4, 

1901-3. 

Kean,  Rev.  John  J Dist.  Com.  1,  1895-7. 

Kean,  Miss  Lucy Ladies'    Aux.   Com.   Dist.   5,   1888-92;     Cent. 

Aux.   Com.  of  Wom.,   1890,   1894-1900;    Com. 

on  W.  R.,  1894-1900. 
Keating,    Redmond    Dist.    Com.    9    (Yorkville),   1898-        ,   Vice- 

Ch'n,  1905- 
Kellogg,  Chas.  D Org.     Sec,     1883-7;     Gen.    Sec,    1888-95;    2d 

Vice-Pres.,   1896-9;    Soc.  Vice-Pres.,   1899- 

Kellogg,  Miss  Clara  N Corlears  Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Kellogg,  B.  M.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  8,  1883-6. 

Kellogg,  L.  Laflin Ch'n  Dist.   Com.   8    (Hudson),   1894-7,   1901- 

,  C.  C.  Del.,  1894-7,  1901-4;  Com.  on  Leg. 

Ques.,  1894-        ,  Ch'n,  1902-5. 
Kellogg,  Mrs.  L.  Laflin Dist.    Com.   8,   1894-7 ;     Cent.   Aux.  Com.   of 

Wom.  and  Com.  on  W.  R.,  1896-7. 

Kelly,  Mrs.  E.  H Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1901-2. 

Kelly,  Bdmond Dist.    Com.    9    and  Com.  on  Vis.  and  Treat., 

1892. 

Kelly,  Edmund  J .Dist.  Com.  1,  1901-3. 

Kelly,  Miss  M.  E Dist.  Com.  5   (Gram.),  1901- 

Kelly,  Mrs.  T Dist.  Com.  8  (Hudson),  1901- 

Kelly,  Thomas   York.  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Kelly,  Wm.  H York.  Dist.  Com.,  1903-7. 

Kemp,  Rev.  R.  M Dist.  Com.  1,  1897-1900. 

Kendall,  Mrs.  M.  E Dist.  Com.  11,  1895-1904. 


JOHNSON-KRIBS  195 

Kennedy,  John  S Soc.  Vice-Pros.,  1893-         ;  Com.  on  Phil.  Ed., 

ex-off.,  1903- 

Kennedy,  Miss  Rachel Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1889-90. 

Kerley,  A.  P Dist.  Com.  8,  1894-1901.       ' 

Kern,  Miss  J Vis.  Com.  Dist.  11,  1900-3. 

Kernan,  Jas.  P Dist.  Com.  5,  1900-1. 

Kernochan,  Mrs.  J.  Fred.  .F.  V.  Dist.  2,  1888. 

Kerridge,  Mrs,  P.  M Dist.  Com.  3,  1902-3. 

Kiernan,  Edw.  S Dist.  Com.  10,  1899-1901. 

Kilbreth,  Jas.  T. Dist.  Com.  12,  1883-7;  Dist.  Com.  5,  1888-9. 

Killwey,  Eugene  F Dist.  Com.  1,  1897-8. 

Kilmer,  T.  W.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  8,  1898- 

King,  Fred.  A. . .' Dist.  Com.  1,  1900-1;  Vis.  C.  Dist.  3,  1902-3. 

King,  Mrs.  G.  C Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  9,  1891. 

King,  Miss  Q.  S F.  V.,  Riverside  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Kmg,  Willard  V Dist.  Com.  6,  1900-4,  Sec,  1900-1,  Ch'n,  1901-4. 

King,  Wm.  V Dist.  Com.  14,  1883-4. 

Kingsbury,  Miss  Mary See  Simkhovitch,  Mrs.  V.  G. 

Kinnear,  B.  O.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  7,  1889-90,  C.  C.  Del.,  1889;   Dist. 

Com.  4,  1891-5. 

Kinnie,  Miss  Mary Dist.  Com.  6,  1899-1901. 

Kirk,  Mrs.  H.  B Dist.  Com.  11,  1895-1901. 

Kissam,  Benj.  A Dist.  Com.  6,  1890-1. 

Kitching,  Geo Dist.  Com.  6,  1891. 

Kittredge,  Miss  L Dist.  Com.  3   (Corlears),  1903-5. 

Klots,   Miss  E Chelsea  Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Klotz,  H.  G.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  12,  1883-6;   Com.  on  Cases  in  A. 

B.,  1895. 

Knapp,  R.  S Dist.  Com.  5,  1896-7. 

Knevals,  Caleb  B Dist.  Com.  8,  1884-5. 

Knopf,  S.  A.,  M.  D ^.  P.  T.,  1902- 

Knox,  Mrs.  Jas.  C Vis.  Com.  Dist.  11,  1900-2. 

Kobbe,  Geo.  C Dist.  Com.  12,  1883-6,  Sec.  and  Tr.,  1883-5. 

Kober,  Emil,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  9  (York.),  1902- 

Koen,  J.  S Dist.  Com.  3,  1893-4. 

Koffman,  Miss  Eleanor Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1900-2. 

Kohlsaat,  Miss  Amy  E...Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1900-         ;  Dist.  Com.  6 

(Chel.),  1900-1,  1905-        ,  Vis.  Com.,  1900-4, 

F.  v.,  1906- 

Kohn,  Mrs.  N.  S Vis.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1901-3. 

Kopf,  Henry  J Dist.  Com,  3,  1893-4. 

Kreilesheimer,  Aaron   ....Dist.  Com.  4,  1883-4. 
Kribs,  H.  G Dist.  Com.  7,  1900-2. 


196  MEMBERS    OF     COUNCIL    AND     COMMITTEES 

Ladew,  Harvey  S Dist.  Com.  14,  1884-5. 

Lake,  Miss  Frances Dist.  Com.  and  Vis.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1896-7. 

Lakey,  Miss  Alice Dist.  Com.  8,  1894-5. 

Lalor,  Miss  J.  O. . ." Vis.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1896-7. 

Lambert,   Alex.,   M.    D...Dist.    Com.   3,  1890-2;     Dist.  Com.  9,  1893-5. 

C.  C.  Del.,  1895;  Com.  on  Vis.  and  Treat., 
1893;  Dist.  Com.  7,  1896-7;  Com.  on  Laun- 
dry, 1894-1900;  C.  P.  T.,  1901- 

Lambert,  Mrs.  AlexanderDist.  Com.  7,  1897-        ;  Vis.  Com.,  1897- 

Ch'n,  1900-1,  1905- 

Land,  Jos.  F.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  10,  1892-3. 

Landon,  Mrs.  H.  H Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Wom.,  1900-4. 

Lane,  Miss  Clara  Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1897-8. 

Lane,  Mrs.  Ira  G Dist  Com.  11  (Bronx),  1899-         ;  Vis.  Com., 

1900-1;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1900- 

Lane,  R Dist.  Com.  3,  1897-8. 

Langworthy,  Wm.  P.,  M.  D.Dist.  Com.  6,  1889-90. 

Large,  Walter   Gram.  Dist.  Com.,  1905-        ,  Ch'n,  1906- 

Large,  Mrs.  Walter Dist.  Com.  5   (Gram.),  1897-8,  1900- 

Lasher,  Rev.  J.  L Dist.    Com.    8,   1901-2;     Harlem  Dist.   Com., 

1907- 

Lassing,  Henry,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  8,  1883-4. 

Lathrop,  Francis Dist.  Com.  2,  1888. 

Lattmann,  Mrs.  F.  S Vis.   Com.   Dist.   9,    1896-7,    1899-1900;     Dist 

Com.  9,  1896-1900. 

Lauterbach,  Miss  Helen. Dist.  Com.  7,  1896-7,  Sec,  1896;   Vis.  Com., 

1896-         ;  Com.  on  Dep.  Chil.,  1899-1903. 

Lawrence,  Benj.  M.,  M.  D.  .Dist.  Com.  4,  1893-5. 

j^awrence,  Cyrus  J Dist.  Com.  8,  1886-7. 

Lawrence,  Miss  Edith Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1897-8. 

Lawson,  Mrs.  Chas.  B...Dist.  Com.  11  (Bronx),  1899- 

Lawson,  Mrs.  Judson  S...Dist.  Com.  8,  1894-5. 

Lay,  George  C Harlem   Dist.  Com.,   1906- 

Leader,  Dr.  Alice  F Hudson  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Leake,  Miss  M Com.  on  Vis.  and  Treat.  Dist.  Com.  9,  1893. 

Lederle,  Ernst  J.,  M.  D..C.  P.  T.,  1902-         ;   Ten.  House  Com.,  1903- 

Lee,  Frederic  S.,  M.  D C.  P.  T.,  1902-5. 

Lee,  Mrs.  Frederic  S Dist.    Com,    7,    1895-  ,    Ch'n,  Vis.  Com., 

1901-  ;  Dist.  Com.  9,  1899-1902,  Vis.  Com., 
1900-2;  C.  C,  1901-  ;  C.  P.  T.,  1902; 
Exec.    Com.,    1902-  ;    Com.  on  Laundry, 

1902-  ;  Com.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  1903-  ;  Com. 
on  Appeals,  1905-  ;  Ch'n  Com.  on  Fin. 
and  Memb.,  1906- 


LADEW-LOEB  197 

Lee,  Joseph Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1905- 

Leech,  David  O Dist  Com.  8,  1886. 

Le  Fevre,  Egbert,  M.  D.C  P.  T.,  1902- 

heggett,   Francis   H C.  C,  1886-92;  Com.  on  Fin.,  1886-9;  Com.  on 

Mend.,  1887-8;  Dist.  Com.  6,  1888;   Soc  Vice- 

Pres.,  1893- 

Leib,  Lawrence   Bronx  Dist  Com.,  1905- 

Leipziger,  Dr.  Henry  M.C.  P.  T.,  1903- 

Leonard,  Miss  M.  B Dist.  Com.  2,  1900-3,  Vis.  Com.,  1900-i. 

Lesginsky,  W.  M.,  M.  D...Dist.  Com.  8,  1884-6. 

Lesser,  Mrs.  L. Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1900-1;  Dist.  Com.  3  (Cor- 

lears),  1901-5. 

Levey,  Edgar  J C.  C,  1901-         ;  Com.  on  Coop.,  1901-4,  1906- 

;   Com.  on  Statistics,  1901-3;   Com.  on 

Mend.,   1902-         ;    Ch'n  C.   P.   T.,   and  Ch'n 

Com.  on  Prov.  Relief  Funds,  1906- 

Levey,  Mrs.  Edgar  J Riverside  District  Com.,  1907- 

Leviness,  Jas.  E Sec.  Dist.  Com.  9,  1891. 

Levy,  Saml.  D Dist.  Com.  3,  1888-90,  Sec,  1888-9. 

Lievesley,  Robt.  H.., Dist.  Com.  10,  1883-4. 

Lincoln,  Arthur Dist.  Com.  4,  1889-90. 

Lindeman,  Mrs.  H Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1900-1. 

Lindley,  Dr.  C.  L Dist.  Com.  2,  1889. 

Lindsay,  Samuel  McC Director   School  of  Philanthropy,  1907-         ; 

Com.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  1898-1907. 
Lipman,  Rabbi  Nathan. . .  .1  ist.  Com.  11,  1895-7. 

Lipmann,   Mrs Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1888. 

Lipsky,  H.  A Dist.  Com.  4,  1901-3. 

Lischer,  E.  M Dist.  Com.  3,  1898-1904. 

Lithgow,  Geo.  W Dist.  Com.  2,  1888-92. 

Little,  John   Dist.  Com.  9,  1893-5,  Com.  on  Vis.  and  Treat, 

1893. 
Littlefield,  Rev.  M.  S..' ...Dist  Com.  9,  1901-2. 

Livingston,  Miss  A.  L Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist  7,  1888. 

Livingston,  Goodhue   Dist.  Com.  5,  1895-1901. 

Livingston,  Robert  R Dist.  Com.  5,  1893-5. 

Lobenstein,  Wm.  D Dist  Com.  8,  1894. 

Locke,  Jesse  Dist.  Com.  7,  1896-7. 

Lockwood,  Miss  A Vis.  Com.  Dist  11,  1900-2. 

Loclcwood,  Miss  K.  B Vis.  Com.  Kips  Bay  Dist,  1903- 

Loeb,   Morris Com.  on  Pub.  and  Lib.,  1898-1904;   Com.  on 

Lib.,  1905- 


igg  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND    COMMITTEES 

Loomis,  Henry  P.,  M.  D.C.  P.  T.,  1902- 

Lord,  Dan'l Dist.    Com.    13,  1883-87,  Sec,  1883-6,  Treas., 

1883-4. 

Lord,  Mrs.  J.  Cooper Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Women,  1900-1. 

Loughlin,  Mrs.  H.  M Dist.  Com  3,   1891-2. 

Low,  Mrs.  M Dist.  Com.  8,  1898-1903. 

Low,  Seth    Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1894-         ;  Com.  on  Phil.  Ed., 

1903- 

Low,  Mrs.  Seth Dist.  Com.  9,  1894-1901;    Vis.  Com.,    1896-7; 

Com.  on  Laundry,  1895-1900. 

Lowell,  Miss  C.  R Dist.  Com.  7,  1894-7;  Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1895- 

7,  Sec,  1895. 

Lowell,  Mrs.  Chas.  R Grig  C.  C;  C.  C,  1882-1905,  ex-oft.  (State  Bd. 

of  Char.  Com'r),  1882-9;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work, 
1882-99,  Ch'n,  1885-99;  Com.  on  Coop.,  1882- 
5;  Exec  Com.,  1885-1905;  Com.  on  Prov. 
Hab.,  1889;  Com.  on  W.  Y.,  1890-1891;  Cen- 
tral Com.,  1890,  1892-3;  Dist.  Com.  3  (Cor- 
lears),  1893-1905;  Ch'n  Com.  on  Dep.  Chil., 
1898-1902;  Com.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  1899-1905; 
Spec.  Com.  on  Winter .  Course,  1902-4;  Com. 
on  Appeals,  1903-5. 

Loynaz,  Miss  E.  B Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1889. 

Ludington,  Chas.  H.,  Jr... Dist.  Com.  2,  1890-3,  Sec,  1892-3. 

Lummis,  Dorothea,  M.  D..Dist.  Com.  3,  1895. 

Lummis,  Wm Dist  Com.  10,  1883-4. 

Lusk,  Miss  A.  H Dist.    Com.    6    (Chelsea),    1894-1901,    1905-  , 

Vis.  Com.,  1900-1904,  P.  V.,  1906- 

Lusk,   Miss   M Dist.  Com.  6,  1894-1900. 

Lynch,  P.  J.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  14,   1883-4. 

Lynch,  Rev.  Thos.  F Dist.  Com.  2,  1888-95;  Com.  on  W.  Y.,  1890-1. 

Lyon,  Miss  Mary Dist.  Com.  10,  1896-7. 

Macdaniel,  Mrs.  Osborne.  .Ladies'    Aux.    Com.    Dist.    6,    1888-90,   1894, 

Ch'n,  1889,  1894,  F.  V.,  1888;  Dist.  Com.  6, 
1891-4;  Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Ladies,  1891-3. 

MacDonald,  Chas Dist.  Com.  10,  1883-4. 

MacLean,  Mrs.  Chas.  F.. Ladies;    Aux.    Com.    Dist.    10   (Harl.),  1890, 

1903-         ;  Dist.  Com.  10,  1890-1903. 

MacVey,  Miss  L Dist.  Com.  4,  1896-7. 

MacVey,  Miss  Susan  C Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1890-3,  1895;  Dist.  Com. 

4,  1894-5. 

McArthur,  Miss  Gertrude.  .Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1897-9;  Dist.  Com.  7,  1898- 

1900. 


LOOMIS-MAHER  I99 

McBurney,  Chas.   I Dist.    Com.    1,    1896-1903;     C.  C.  Del.,  1897- 

1900,  Ch'n,   1897-1903;    Com.  on  Dist.  Work, 

1900-2;    C.  C.  Del.  and    Ch'n    Dist.    Com.    2 

(Green.),  1903- 
McCandless,    Charles   W.Com.  on  Indus.  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1906- 

McCarthy,    Wm.    H Dist.  Com.  10  (Harl.),  1900- 

McCauley,  Mrs.  J.^ Har.  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

McCook,  Philip  J Com.  on  Indus.  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1901- 

Ch'n,  1905-         ;  C.  C,  1905-         ;  Cli'n  Com. 

on  Leg.  Ques.,  1906         ;    Com.  on  J.  A.  B., 

1906- 

McCord,  Rev.  W.  E Dist.  Com.  9,  1898-1900. 

McCue,  Patrick  J Dist.  Com.  3,  1893-4. 

McCurdy,  Mrs.  Delos Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1890. 

McElveen,  Mrs.  W.  T Sec.  Dist.  Com.  11,  1895-7. 

McGannon,  Dr.  M.  C Dist.  Com.  6,  1893-5. 

McGauron,  Dr.  Geo.  D Dist.  Com.  6,  1896-8. 

McGowan,  Thos Dist.  Com.  9,  1889-90. 

McQrath,  Jos.  A Dist.  Com.  9    (York.),  1900-  ;    Com.  on 

Dist.  Work,  1905. 

McGregor,  Mrs.  A.  M Dist.  Com.  6,  1896-1900. 

Mcllvain,  David  H Dist.  Com.  14,  1886-7;  Dist.  Com.  5,  1888. 

McKenna,  C.  F Dist.   Com.  8    (Huds.),   1898-1900,  1905-         ; 

Dist.  Com.  1,  1900-3;  Com.  Dist.  Work,  1901- 

03. 

McKenna,  Mrs.  C.  F Dist.  Com.  8  (Huds.),  1901- 

McKim,  John  A C.    C,    ex-off.    (rep.    St.    Char.  Aid.  Ass'n), 

1893-         ;   Com.  on  Mend.,  1893-5;   Com.  on 

W.  Y.,  1893;  Com.  on  Wayfarers'  Lodge,  1894- 

9,  Ch'n,  1896-9. 
McKim,  Miss  S.  M Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  6,  1888-90,  Sec,  1889- 

90;  Dist.  Com.  6,  1891-7. 
McLaughlan,  A.  W Dist.  Com.  9,  1889-94;  Sec,  1890,  Treas.,  1891- 

3. 

McLean,  F.  H Dist.  Com.  3,  1896-9;   C.  C.  Del.,  1896-7. 

McLean,  Miss  Fannie Dist.  Com.  3,  1892-4,  Treas.,  1893-4. 

McLean,  Mrs.  Malcolm.  .Harlem  District  Com.,  1907- 

McPherson,  Thos Dist.  Com.  3,  1891-2. 

Maghee,  J,  H C.  C.  Del.  Dist.  Com.  4,  1887;   Dist.  Com.  7, 

1888. 
Magonigle,  Mrs.  J.  H Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  10,  1890;    Dist.  Com.  10, 

1891-190L 
Maher,  Geo.  J Dist.  Com.  3,  1893-4. 


200.  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND    .COMMITTEES 

Mahr,  Mrs.  R Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  3,  1889. 

Malleson,  P.  A.  O.,  M.  D.  ..Dist.  Com.  10,  1894-8. 

Maloney,   Mrs.   D Dist.  Com.  6    (Chelsea),  1900-1,  1905-  ; 

Vis.  Com.,  1900-4,  F.  V.,  1906- 

Mansfield,  Howard  Com.  on  Immig.,  1890. 

Mansfield,  Mrs.  Howard. .  .Com.  on  Dep.  Chil.,  1901-3,  Ch'n,  1902-3. 

Marcus,  Dr.  Leopold Dist.  Com.  9,  1900-1. 

Marks,  Mrs F.  V.  Dist.  Com.  9,  1888. 

Marsh,  Geo.  L Sec.  Sub-Com.  Dist.  9,  1901-2. 

Marshall,   Henry  R Dist.  Com.  13,  1884-7;  Dist.  Com.  2,  1888-93. 

Martin,  Jeremiah  N Dist  Com.  10  (Har.),  1900-    ,  F.  V.  1906-     ; 

Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1903-    . 

Martin,  O.  T Kips  Bay  Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Marvin,  Miss  Ellen  S York    Dist.  Com.,  1903-5;    Har.    Dist.    Com., 

1905-     ,  F.  v.,  1906. 
Mason,  Alfred  Bishop Com.   on  Fin.   and  Memb.,   1890-5;    Com.  on 

Immig,  1890-     ;  C.  C,  1892-7;  Com.  on  Pub., 

1893-7. 

Mason,  Mrs.  E.  P Ladies'  Com.  Dist  9,  1889-91. 

Matlock,  Chas Dist.  Com.  8,  1899-1903. 

Matthews,  W.  H Sub-Com.  Dist.  9,  1900-1. 

Maynard,  Mrs.  W.  E... -Vis.    Com.    Dist.    6,    1900-4;     Dist.    Com.    6 

(Chel.),  1894-1902,  1905- 
Mayo-Smith,     Prof.     Rich- 
mond     C.  C,  ex-off.    ( rep.    Col.    Univ. ) ,    1894-1900; 

Com.  on  Pub.,  1893-7;  Com.  on  Immig.,  1890; 

Com.    on    Stat,    1895-1901,     Ch'n     1896-1901; 

Dist.  Com.  8,  1895-1901,  Ch'n  1897-1901,  C.  C. 

Del.     1897-1901;     Com.     on    Pub.   and   Lib., 

1897-9;   Com.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  1898-190L 

Mead,  Herman  R Dist.  Com.  6,  1888-9. 

Meagher,  J.  J Dist  Com.  and  Vis.  Com.  Dist.  11,  1900-3. 

Meagher,   T.  J Dist.  Com.  3  (Corlears),  1898- 

Meehan,  James   Dist.  Com.  9    (Yorkville),  1893-8,  1900-         ; 

Com.   on   Vis.   and   Treat,   1893;    Vis.   Com. 

1896-7. 

Meeks,  Joseph   Dist.  Com.  4,  1885-7. 

Mellen,    Mrs Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1890. 

Mellen,  Rev.  A.  H Har.  Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Mellen,   Clark    Dist  Com.  2,  1894-7. 

Mendenhall,  Rev.  H.  G...Kips  Bay  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Menken,  Mrs.  J.  S Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1888-9,  Sec.  1889; 

Com.  on  Laundry,  1889-90. 


MAHR-MINTURN  201 

Merrill,  Chas.  E C.  C.  1883-         ;   Com.  on  Dist  Work,  1883-5,' 

1887;  Dist.  Com.  14,  1883-7,  Ch'n  and  C.  C. 
Del.,  1883-4;  Exec.  Com.,  1886;  Com.  on  Co- 
op., 1886,  1888,  1890,  Ch'n,  1890;  Com.  on 
Pub.,  1886-91;  Com.  on  Pub.  and  Lib.,  1903-4; 
Com.  on  Library,  1905-  ;  Ch'n  Com.  on 
Vacancies,  1889;  Dist.  Com.  5  (Gram.), 
1889-92,  1894-  ,  Treas.  1892;  Com.  on 
Mend.  1895-1902,  Ch'n  1896-1901;  Ch'n  Com. 
on  Audit  of  Accounts,  1895-  ;  Com,  on 
Prov.  Rel.  Funds,  1906- 

Merrill,    Chas.    E.,   Jr Com.  on   Indus.  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1905- 

Ch'n  1906- 

Merrill,    Edward    B ...Dist.  Com.  13,  1886-7;  Dist.  Com.  2,  1888. 

Merrill,  Payson   Dist.  Com.  8,  18g3-7;    Dist.  Com.  7,  1888-95, 

Treas  1890-3;  Ch'n  Com.  on  Laundry,  1889- 
91. 

Merrill,    Mrs.    Payson Com.  on  Laundry,  1890,  1894-1900. 

Merrington,  Rev.  R.  W.  E.Dist.  Com.  8,  1901-4. 

Meyer,  Alfred,  M.  D.   ...C  P.  T.,  1906- 

Moyenhauser,    Miss    LizzieLadies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1888. 

Meyer,  Mrs.  Geo Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7  (Kips  Bay),  1901-4. 

Meyers,  Mrs.  W.  P F.  V.  Dist.  4,  1888. 

Milhau,  John  J.,  M.  D Crig.  C.  C,  C.  C.  1883-90,  ex-off.  (Com'r  State 

Ed.  of  Char.). 

Milleg,  Miss  Mary Dist.  Com.  3,  1902-3. 

Miller,  Dr.  Chas.  QriffenDist.    Com.    6,   1898-1900;     Har.   Dist.   Com., 

1905-7;   Gram.  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Miller,  Mrs.    Chas.   G Gramercy  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Miller,  Jas.  A.,  M.  D....Dist.  Com.  7    (Kips  Bay),   1902-7;    C.  P.  T., 

1903-         ;   Ch'n  Tub.  Rel.  Com.,  1906^7. 

Miller,   John  W Dist.  Com.  14,  1884-7. 

Miller,  Rev.  Royal   R Hudson  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Miller,   Wm.    E Dist.  Com.  4,  1897-1900. 

Milliken,    David    Dist.  Com.  9,  1890-1. 

Mills,    Abraham    Dist.  Com.  10,  1885-6. 

Mills,    Isaac    Dist.  Com.  10,  1890-4;  Ch'n  1890-2,  C.  C.  Del. 

1891. 

Mills,   Mrs.    Isaac Dist.  Com.  10,  1891-2,  1894-8. 

Minor,  S.  C,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  11   (Bronx),  1899-         ;  Vis  Com. 

1900- 

Minturn,    Robt.    B Grig.  C.  C;  C.  C,  1882-5;  Com  on  Mend,  and 

Com.  on  Vacancies,  1883-5;  Soc.  Vice-Pres., 
1887-90. 


202  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND    COMMITTEES 

Minturn,    Robt.    S Dist.   Com.    1,   1891-7,   Sec.   1894;    C.   C.  Del. 

and  Ch'n,  1895-7;   Com.  on  Mend.,  1896-1901. 

Mitchell,  Rev.  S.  S iJist.  Com.  6  (Chel.),  1900- 

Monoghan,    Dr.    E Dist.   Com.   11,   1900-1. 

Monroe,    Robert    Qrier-.C.  C,  1899;   Com.  on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  1899- 

1901;    Com.  on  Mend.,  1901-7,    Ch'n,    1901-2; 

Ten.  House  Com.,  1903- 

Montant,    A.    P Dist.  Com.  11,  1885-7;  Dist.  Com.  4,  1888. 

Montgomery,  Mrs.  E.  S...Dist.  Com.  8,  1898-1904. 

Montgomery,    R.   M Dist.  Com.  1,  1888-90. 

Moody,  Miss  M.  E Dist.  Com.   11,  1896-9. 

Moore,  Rev.  Francis  S Dist.  Com.  11,  1901-3. 

Moore,    Mrs.    M.    C Huds.  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Moore,  W.   A Dist.  Com.  9,  1896-7. 

Moore,  Mrs.  W.  A Dist.  Com.  3,  1901-3. 

Moore,  W.  O.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  8,  1883-5. 

Moore,  Wm Dist.  Com  11,  1901-2. 

Moors,  John  F Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1905- 

Morewood,   Mrs.   A.   P...Huds.  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Morewood,.  Miss  E.   D...Dist.    Com.  8,  1894-         ;    Com.  on  Laundry, 

1900-1;   Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1901- 
Morgan,  H.  K.,  Jr Dist.    Com.    7,    1885-7;    Dist.  Com.  6,  1888-97, 

Sec,  1890-5. 
Morgan,   J.    Pierpont C.    C.    Treas.,  1896-         ;     Com.  on  Fin.  and 

Memb.,  ex-off. 
Morgan,  Mrs.  J.  P Com.    on    W.    R    and    Cent.    Aux.   Com.  of 

Women,  1894-5;  Dist.  Com.  7,  1896-1901;  Vis. 

Com.,  1896-9. 

Morgan,  W Dist.  Com.  8  (Huds.),  1903- 

Morris,   D.  B.   S Dist.  Com.  7,  1895. 

Morris,  Miss  E.  V.  C Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Wom.  and  Com.  on  W. 

R.,  1898-1900. 
Morris,  S.  F.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  10,   1883-5;    C.  C,   1886-91;    Com. 

on  Coop.,  1886-9;   Com.  on  Vacancies,  1888; 

Com.    on    Memb.,   1889;     Com.  on  Fin.   and 

Memb.,  1890;  Com.  on  Mend.,  1891. 

Morrison,  Miss  M.  M Sub  Com.  Dist.  9,  1900-1;   Vis.  Com.,  1901-3. 

Morrow,    D.    W Com.  on  Wayfarers'  Lodge,  1899-1900;   Com. 

on  Indus.  BIdg.  and  W.  Y.,  1900-1. 

Mueller,  Walter Com.  on  Emp.  Bur.  for  Handicapped,  1906-7. 

Mullaney,    Miss    K Dist.  Com.  7   (Kips  Bay),  1901-2;  Vis.  Com., 

1901-4. 
Muller,    L.    G Cist.  Com.  8,  1895-1901. 


MINTURN-0  CONNOR  203 

Mulry,   Thos.   M Dist.  Com.   4,  1891-1900,  Ch'n,   1895-7;    Com. 

on  Cases  in  A.  B.,  1894;    C.  C,  1896-  ; 

Com.    on   Coop.,    1896-1904,    Ch'n,    1896-1901; 

Spec.  Com.  on  Winter  Course,  1902-4;   Com. 

on    Phil.    Ed.,    ex-off.,    1903-         ;    C.    P.    T., 

1906- 

Munn,  Chas.   A Dist.  Com.  4,  1889-92. 

Murdock,    Mrs.   Jas Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1888-9. 

Murray,  Geo.  W. Dist.  Com.  2,  1892-3. 

Murray,  Logan  C C.  C,  1887-8;    Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1889-90;   Com. 

on  Fin.,  1887-8,  Ch'n,  1888;  Exec.  Con.,  1888. 

Myers,  H.  G.,  M.  D Dist.   Com.   8,   1894-7. 

Nagel,    Miss   K Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1900-1. 

Nascher,  I.  L.,  M.  D P.    V.    Dist.    3,  1888,  Medical  Adv.,  1889-91, 

Med.  Vis.,  1892-3;    Dist.  Com.  9    (Yorkville), 

1897-         ;  Vis.  Com.,  1896-7. 
Nathan,    Frederick    Sec.  Dist.  Com.  8  (Hudson),  1896;  C.  C.  Del.,, 

1906- 

Neilson,   Miss Chelsea  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Nelson,  Miss  E Vis.  Com.  York  Dist.,  1903-5. 

Nesslage,   John  H.  H Dist.  Com.  7,  1887. 

Neugas,    Mrs.    J Dist.  Com.  11,  1896-1900.  ^ 

Nevins,    Miss    A Vis.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1901-3. 

Nevins,  Miss  Cornelia  L.  .Ladies'    Aux.    Com.    Dist.    4,    1888-92,    Sec, 

1889;  Dist.  Com.  4,  1896-7. 

Neuman,    Mrs Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1888. 

Newcomb,  Mrs.  Jas.  E..C.  P.  T.,  1902- 

Nichols,   Miss  H.   S Gram.  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Nichols,  W.  G Sec.  and  Treas.  Dist.  Com  7,  1889. 

Nicoll,  Mrs.   Benj Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Women,  ^901- 

Northam,  Miss  C.  A Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  6,  1889-90. 

Nye,  Mrs.  A.  T Dist.  Co^i.  10,  1894-5. 

Nye,  Miss  C.  S Dist.  Com.  7,   1898-1900;    Vis.   Com.  Dist.  9, 

1898-9. 

O'Brien,  W.  J .Ten.  House  Com.,  1900-4. 

O'Connell,   James    Dist.  Com.  6,  1899-1901. 

0*ConneII,   Mrs.    P.   J.... Dist.  Com.  7    (Kips  Bay),  1900-3,  1905- 

Com.  on  Dist.  Work  and  Dist.  Com.  4,  1903- 

4;    River.  Dist.   Com.,   1905;    Com.   on  Emp. 

Bur.  for  Handicapped,  1906- 
O'Connor,  Miss  GertrudeVis.  Com.  Dist.  7   (Kips  Bay),  1901- 

OXonnor,    J Dist.  Com.  3    (Corlears) ,  1898- 

O'Connor,    James    Dist.  Com.  7,  1894-5. 


204  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND    COMMITTEES 

O'Connor,  John   Dist.  •  Com.    7,    1893-97,    Sec,    1894-7;     Dist. 

Com.  3,  1899-1900. 
O'Connor,    Mrs.    John. ...  .Dist.  Com  7,  1903-4. 
O'Donohue,    Miss   TeresaCom.  on  Dist.  Work  and  Gram.  Dist.  Com., 

1905-  ;  Com.  on  Appeals,  1906- 

O'Flaherty,  Miss  M Dist.  Com.  6  and  Vis.  Com.,  1900-1. 

Ogden,    C,    E ....Dist.  Com.  13,  1884-7. 

Ogden,  Dr.  C.  L Dist.  Com.  9,  1896-8. 

Ogden,  Chas.  W .Com.  on  Indus.  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1903- 

Sec.  and  Treas.,  1906- 

Ogden,   Henry    Dist.  Com.  3,  1890. 

Ogden,  Ludlow    Orig.  C.  C;  C.  C,  Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  Com. 

on  Mend.,  Com.  on  Vacancies,  1883-4. 

Olcott,  Miss  E.  R Dist.    Com.    10,   1891-1900. 

O'Leary,   Dr.  A.   J Dist.  Com.  11  and  Vis.  Com.,  1900-2. 

Oliver,  Mrs.  W.  H '.Dist.  Com.  11,  1899-1901. 

OIney,    Peter    B Orig.    C.    C,  C.  C,   1882-93;     Com.  on  Dist. 

Work,  1882-4;  Com.  on  Legal  Questions, 
1882-93,  Ch'n,  1888-93;  Com.  on  Memb.,  1882- 
7;  Com.  on  Vacancies,  1886;  Com.  on  Coop., 
1888-9;    Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1894- 

Olwell,  Philip  F Dist.  Com.  6,  1891. 

Olyphant,   Talbot    Dist.  Com.  1,  1894-5,  1898-1900. 

O'Neill,  Mrs.  E.  G Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  3,  1889. 

Opdyke,  Miss  Agnes F.  V.  Riverside  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Opfinger,  Mrs.  J Vis.  Com.   Bronx  Dist,  1905. 

Opitz,    Mrs.    B Vis.  Com.  York.  Dist.,  1905. 

Oppenheimer,  H.  S.,  M.  D.C.  C,  Del  Dist.  Com.  14,  1884-6,  Ch'n,  1887; 

Com.  on  Mend.,  1885-6;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work, 
1886,  1889-92,  1894,  1896-8,  Ch'n,  Dist.  Com, 
5,    1888,    1891-2,    1896-9,    1902-6,     Vice-Ch'n, 

1906-  ,  C.  C.  Del.,  1889-92,  1899-1902; 
Com.  on  W.  Y.,  1891-3;  Com.  on  Wayfarers' 
Lodge,  1895-9;  Com.  on  Cent.  Off.  Bur.,  1896- 
1904,  1906- 

Osborn,  Chas.  C,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  9,  1885-6. 

Ostrander,  Mrs.  Chas.  F.Treas.  Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Worn.,  1896-        ; 

Treas.  Com.  on  W.  R.,  1896-1904. 

Ottendorfer,   Oswald    Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1887-1900. 

Owen,  Edw.   L Dist.  Com.  4,  1883-6. 

Paine,   Mrs.   A.   G.,   Jr Dist.  Com.  2,  1896-1900. 

Paine,  Miss  K.  L Dist.  Com.  10  (Harlem),  1902-3,  Ladies'  Aux. 

Com.,  1903-7,  Sec,  1902-3. 


O  CONNOR-PINKHAM  20$ 

Paine,    Robert    Treat. .. -Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1905- 

Palen,  Geo.   Dist.  Com.  7,  1896-7. 

Palmer,  A.  M.,  Jr Dist.  Com.  9,  1888. 

Palmer,    Mrs.    G Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  6,  1889-90. 

Palmer,   Rev.   J Chelsea  Dist.  Com.,  1905-         ;  Com.  on  Dist. 

Work,  1906- 

Parker,   Mrs.   E Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1897-8. 

Parker,  Mrs.  G.  C Dist.  Com.  3,  1894. 

Parkin,  Miss  F.  O ..Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1888. 

Parks,   Mrs.   J.   Lewis. ..  Dist.  Com.  4,  1896-8;  Dist.  Com.  3,  1899- 
Parrish,   Sam'l  L Dist.    Com.   7,   1888-9,   Ch'n,   1888;     Com.   on 

Laundry,  1889. 

Parsons,  Herbert    C.  C,  1899-1900. 

Parsons,   Mrs.  Herbert Dist.  Com.  3,  1896-7;  Sec.  Dist.  Com.  6,  1899- 

1900. 
Parsons,  Miss  Margaret. .  .Dist.  Com.  8,   1896-1903. 

Patten,    Simon.  N Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1905- 

Patterson,  Miss  Caroline  .>.Com.  on  Coop.,  1887. 

Paulding,   James  K Dist.  Com.  3,  1892-5,  Sec,  1895. 

Peabody,  Chas.  A.,  Jr Dist.  Com.  10,  1885-7. 

Peabody,  Richard  A Dist.  Com.  4,  1888. 

Peaslee,  Ed.  H.,  M.  D C.   C.  Del,  Dist.  Com.  10,  1885-7;     Com.    on 

Dist.  Work,  1885-6. 

Peck,  Miss F.  V.  Dist.  4,  1888. 

Pegram,  Miss  Virginia  B..Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1899-1901. 
Pellew,   Henry   E Orig.  C.  C;   C.  C,  1882-5;    Com.  on    Vacan- 
cies,   1883-5;     Com    on  Mend.,   1884-5;     Soc. 

Vice-Pres.,  1887-90. 

Pennington,    Mrs.    J Vis.  Com.  Dist.  11  (Bronx),  1901- 

Perkins,   Miss    Vis.  Com.  Kips  Bay  Dist,  1903-7. 

Perkins,  Dr.  Edward  W.Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Peters,   Miss  Julia Dist.  Com.  8,  1895-1904. 

Peters,  Miss  L Dist.  Com.  8,  1894. 

Petrie,  Dr.  M.  P .Riverside  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Pew,    Miss    Mildred Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Pheli)s,   Stowe    Com.  on  Wayfarers'  Lodge,  1894-8. 

Philbin,  Eugene  A Dist.  Com.  8,  1898-9,  1901-4;    Soc.  Vice-Pres., 

1901-         ;   C.  P.  T.,  1902- 

Pickhardt,   Wm. Dist.  Com.  4,  1883-4. 

Pilpel,    E Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1900-1. 

Pine,   John   B C.  C,  ex-off.  (rep.  S.  C.  A.  A.),  1885-9;  Com. 

on  Leg.  Ques.,  1886-7;   Com.  on  Mend.,  1886, 

1888. 
Pinkham,   Mrs .Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  5,  1888-9. 


2o6  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND    COMMITTEES 

Piatt,    Miss    Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1889-90. 

Piatt,    Miss   A P.  V.  Dist.  2,  1888. 

Piatt,  Clayton    Dist.  Com.  8,  1894. 

Piatt,  Mrs.  J.  D Dist.  Cora.  10,  1894-1903,  Ladles'  Aux.  Com., 

1903-4. 

Poillon,   Mrs F.  V.  Dist.  4,  1888. 

Polhemus,  Rev.  L  H Dist.  Com.  9,  1898-1900. 

Pollock,   West    C.  C,  Com.  on  Fin.,  1888. 

Poole,   Ernest  C Dist.  Com.  3,  1902-3;  C.  P.  T.,  1902-5. 

Poole,  Mrs.   Geo.   E Dist.  Com.  8,  1896-1907. 

Porter,  Mrs.  H.  H Ladies'    Aux.    Com.    Dist.    6,   1888-90,  Ch'n, 

1889-90. 

Post,   Chas.    A Dist.  Com.  13,  1883-4. 

Post,   Geo.    B Ten.  House  Com.,  1898-1900. 

Post,   Rev.   Wm.   H Dist.  Com.  9  and  Com.  on  Vis.  and  Treat., 

1892. 

Potter  Howard    C.  C,  1883-4;   Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1887-90. 

Potter,  Miss  M.  B Dist.  Com.  6,  1894-5. 

Potter,  Dr.  Nathaniel  B. . .  Dist.  Com.  6,  1899-1900. 

Powell,   Miss    Chelsea  Dist.  Com.,  1906-7. 

Power,  Maurice  G Har.  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Pratt,  Fred'k  B Ten.  House  Com.,  1903- 

Prentice,   Robt.    K Dist.  Com.  4,  1889-97. 

Prentiss,    Nath.    A Dist.   Com.   10,   1883-6. 

Prevey,   C.   E. Dist.  Com.  10,  1898-9. 

Prime,   Miss   Annie Dist.  Com  11,  1896-7. 

Prime,  Mrs.  F.  B Dist.  Com.  11,  1897-1900. 

Prime,  Miss  Mary  R Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1889-92;    Dist.  Com.  4, 

1893-1903. 

Prime,   Temple    C.  C,  Com.  on  Coop.,  1886. 

Pritchard,    Reuben    L.,    M. 

D Dist.   Com.   6,   1892-7. 

Proctor,  Alex.  P Dist.  Com.  2,  1892-3. 

Prudden,  T.  Mitchell,  M. 

D C.  P.  T.,  1902- 

Pryor,  James  W C.   C,  Del.  Dist.  Com.  12,   1886-7;    Com.  on 

Memb.,  1887;   Com.  on  Vacancies,  1887;   Sec. 

Dist.  Com.  5,  1888. 

Pulleyn,  John  J Dist.  Com.  8   (Hudson),  1898- 

Pullman,  Miss  M.  S Vis.    Com.    Dist.   9    (Yorkville),  1901-  ; 

Com  on   Dist.   Work,   1902-4;    Dist.   Com.   9, 

1902- 
Pullman,  Miss  S.  C Vis.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1896-7,  1900-1. 


PLATT-RICHARDS  207 

Putnam,  Dr.  Chas.  R.  L..Dist.  Com.  4,  1896-7. 

Pyne,   Percy   R Dist.  Com.  1,  1888-1903. 

Pyne,   Miss   Susan Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  5,  1888-9. 

Quackenbos,  Nicholas   Dist.  Com.  14,  1885-6. 

Rader,  H.  Henry    Dist.  Com.  4,  1893-5,  Sec,  1894-5. 

Radin,  Rev.  A.  M Dist.  Com.  3,  1893-4. 

Rankin,   Miss  A.   H F.  V.  Riverside  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Rankin,  E.  Guernsey,  M. 

D C.  P.  T.,  1906- 

Rapallo,  Mrs.  Chas.  A Ladies'    Com.    Dist.  5,  1890-2;    Dist.  Com.  5, 

1893-7;  Com.  on  Laundry,  1892-1900. 

Rapallo,  Edw.   S. Dist.  Com.  12,  1883-6. 

Raymond,  Manley  A Dist.  Com.  9,  1889-95. 

Raynor,  Mrs.  M.  T Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Sec.  IL  Dist.  6,  1889. 

Redelsheimer,  Mrs.  Jane.. Dist.  Com.  3,  1901-2. 

Reed,  Francis  C Dist.  Com.  4,  1884-6. 

Reed,  James  W Dist.    Com.    10,    1898-1901,  C.  C.  Del.,  1898- 

1900. 
Reimer,  Miss  Isabelle  A..  Vis.  Com.  Dist.  1,  1897-1900. 
Renwick,    Jas.    A Dist.  Com.  8,  1883-6;  C.  C,  1884-6;  Com.  on 

Dist.  Work,  1884-5;   Com.  on  Mend.,  1885-6. 

Reynolds,  J.  E River.  Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Reynolds,   Jas.   B Dist.    Com.  3,  1895-1903;    Ten.  House  Com., 

1900-3. 

Reynolds,   John   J Dist.  Com.  4,  1893. 

Reynolds,   Rev.   Jos Dist.    Com.    11,  1895-1901,  C.  C,  Del.,  1897- 

1901,  Ch'n,  1898-1901,  Vis  Com.,  1900-1. 

Reynolds,   Mrs.   Jos Dist.  Com.  11,  1900-1. 

Rhein,  Dr.  M.  L Dist.  Com.  7,  1893-5. 

Rice,   Henry    Orig.  C.  C;   C.  C,  1883-5;    Com.    on    Coop., 

1884-5;    Soc.  Vice-Pres.,   1887-         ;    Com.  on 

Phil.  Ed.,  ex-off.,  1903- 
Rice,  Mrs.  William  B....Orig  C.  C;   C.  C,  ex-off.  (rep.  S.  C.  A.  A.), 

1883-5;.  C.    C,    1885-7,   1894-         ;     Com.   on 

Cooperation,   1882-7;    Com.   on  Pub.,   1883-4; 

Com.    on    Memb.,  1885-6;     Exec.  Com.,  1887, 

1894-         ;     Soc.  Vice-Pres.,    1893;     Com.    on 

Cent.  Off.  Bur.,  1894-5;    Com.  on  Dep.  Chil., 

1899-1903;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1903-4;  Com. 

on  Phil.  Ed.,  1903- 

Rich,  Jos.  S Dist.  Com.  10,  1890. 

Richards,   Geo Dist.    Com.    10,    1887;    Ch'n    Dist.    Com.    1, 

1888-9. 


208  MEMBERS    OF    COUNCIL    AND     COMMITTEES 

Richardson,   Resell  L Dist  Com.  10,  1890-1904;  C.  C.  Del.  and  Ch'n, 

1893. 

Riis,  Jacob  A ......Ten.    House    Com.,    1898-  ;     Char.   Pub. 

Com.,  1905- 

Riley,    Jas Vis.  Com.  Dist.  11,  1900-2. 

Ringhauser,  Mrs.  H Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  3,  1889. 

Rives,  Geo.  L Dist.   Com.   10,    1884-7,    Ch'n,    1885-7;     Dist. 

Com.  7,  1888. 

Robb,  J.  Hampden C.  C,  1883-4;   C.  C.  Vice-Pres.,  1885-6;    Com. 

on  Coop.,  1883-5,  1888-9,  1891;  Com.  on 
Mend.,  1884-5;  Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1887-  ; 
Com.  on  Vacancies,  1889;  Ch'n  Com.  on  Im- 
mig.,  1890., 

Roberts,  Jas.  A York.    Dist.    Com.,  1903-  ;     Second  Vice- 

Ch'n,  1906- 

Robertson,   G.   A Dist.  Com.  7,  Sec.  and  Treas.,  1885-6. 

Robertson,  Mrs.  Geo.  P... Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  6,  1888. 

Robertson,  Mrs.  R.  H Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  5,  1888-92. 

Robins,    Mrs.    Raymond. Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1905- 

Robinson,    Mrs.   J.    H Dist.    Com.    8,    1901-3;      River.    Dist.    Com,, 

1905- 

Robinson,  Mrs.  Seth  B.,  Jr. Vis.  Com  Dist  7,  1898-1900. 

Rode,   Henry   J Dist.  Com.  3,  1894-7. 

Rodman,   Miss   HenriettaRiverside  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Roe,  Mrs.  Chas.  F Dist.  Com,  2,  1891-2.   ■ 

Rogers,   Henry  P Dist.  Com.  1,  1888-90. 

Rogers,  Mrs.  M.  S Dist  Com.  9,  1895. 

Rogers,  Noah  C Dist.    Com.    9,  1887;    Com.  on  Mend.,  1888; 

Dist  Com.  1,  1888-90,  1896-7,  C.  C.  Del.,  1888- 
90;   Com.  on  Leg.  Ques.,  1889-90. 

Romaine,    Miss    Julia. ...  .Ladies'  Com.  JDist.  7,  1890-2. 

Roome,  Rev.  Claudius  M..Dist.  Com.  8,  1897-1900. 

Roosa,  Mrs.  Wm.  M Dist.   Com.   11,  1897-1900. 

Roosevelt,  Alfred Orig.  C.  C;   C.  C,  1882-6;    Com.  on    Memb., 

1882-5;  Com.  on  Mend.,  1885-6;  Com.  on  Va- 
cancies, 1885-6. 

Roosevelt,   J.    Roosevelt- Sec.  Orig.  C.  C;   C.  C,  1882-8,  1890-3;    Sec, 

1883-4;  Exec.  Com.,  1883-4;  Com.  on  Fin., 
1882-4,  1887;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1885-7; 
Com.  on  Fin,  and  Memb.,  1891-2;  Com.  on 
W.  Y.,  1891-2;  Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1888-90, 
.    1894- 

Rossman,  Mrs.  L Dist.  Com.  9  and  Vis.  Com.,  1896-7.. 


RICHARDSON-SCHfJADY  209 

Round,  Wm.  M.  F Dist.   Com.   10,   1890. 

Rowell,  Geo.  P Com.    on    Fin.,  1887-8;     Dist.  Com.  9,  1887; 

C.  C,  1888-93;  Exec.  Com.,  1888-93,  1896-9; 
Com.  on  Pub.,  1888-90;  Dist.  Com.  6,  1888, 
1896-8,  C.  C.  Del.,  1888;  Ch'n  Com.  on  Coop., 
1889;    Soc.   Vice-Pres.,   1894-  ;     Com.    on 

Fin.  and  Memb.,  1896-8;  Com.  on  Mend., 
1896-1901. 

Rowland,   Geo Dist.  Com.  7,  1885-7. 

Rowland,   Henry   E Dist.  .Com.    9,    1889-91;     Com.   on  Laundry, 

1889-92. 

Rubenstein,    Miss   Ray Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1899-1900. 

Ruddell,  John    Dist.  Com.  4,  1884-6. 

Ruddy,   Miss  Anna    Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Har.  Dist,  1905. 

Ruggles,  Jas.  F Dist.  Com.  12,  1884-6. 

Rush,    Mrs.    Thomas Vis.  Com.  Dist.  11,  1901-2. 

Russak,    Frank    Dist.  Com.   9,   1893. 

Russell,    Miss    C Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1888. 

Russell,  Miss  Ella   F.  V.  Dist.  2  and  4,  1888. 

Russell,    Robert Dist.  Com.  4,  1897-9. 

Russet,  Wm.   C Dist.  Com.  11,  1886. 

Rutter,  J.   E.  T York.  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Sackett,  Miss  Gertrude Com.  on  W.  R.,  1895-1900;   Cent.  Aux.  Com. 

of  Wom.,  1895-1907,  Sec,  1896-7. 

Saint  John,  Wm.  P......C.  C,  Com.  on  Fin.,  1886. 

Sanborn,  Elmore  E Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Sanborn,  Mrs.  Elmore  E.Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Sandon,  Mrs.  H Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Wom.  and  Com.  on  W. 

R.,   1899-1900. 

Sands,  Louis Dist.  Com.  3,  1888-90. 

Sanger,  Miss  Clara    ...Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1897-1900,  Sec,  1899-1900. 

Satterlee,  E.  R Dist.  Com.  1,  1894-7. 

Satterlee,    Miss   M Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1902-4. 

Sawyer,   Edward    Com.  on  Indus.  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1901-4. 

Scannell,    D.    E Dist.  Com.  5,  1895-7. 

Scannels,   Mrs.    Samuel Dist  Com.  11,  1895. 

Schaff,  Anselm    River.  Dist.  Com.  and  F.  V.,  1906-7. 

Schiff,  Jacob  H Soc  Vice-Pres.,  1894- 

Schirmer,  Rudolph  E Dist.  Com.  2,  1894-1900. 

Schmidt,    Oscar   E. ..Dist.  Com.  8,  Treas.,  1883-6,  Sec,  1884-6. 

Scholey,   C.   H.... Dist.  Com.  9,  1896-7. 

Scholle,  Mrs.  P.  J ..F..V.  Dist.  Com.  7„  1888. 

Schrady,  Dr.  John  Elliott. Dist.  Com.  10,  1902-4.       '  ^  '    ' 


2IO  MEMBERS     OF     COUNCIL     AND     COMMITTEES 

Schurz,    Miss    A Dist.  Com.  9,  1898-1905;  Vis.  Com.,  1899-1903. 

Schussler,  Miss  Amy Riverside  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Schuyler,   Livingston    Dist.  Com.  9,  1893-5. 

Schwerin,  Mrs.  N.  P Dist.  Com.  4,  1900-3;  Vis.  Com.,  1900-3;  Dist. 

Com.  8    (Hudson),  1903-  ;     P.  V.,  1905; 

Riverside  Dist  Com.,  1906- 
Scott,  Albert  L.,  M.  D. . . .  Dist.  Com.  10,  1897-8. 

Scott,  Mrs.  J.  B River.  Dist.  Com.,  1905,  F.  V.,  1905-6. 

Scott,  Rev.  J.  F Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Scott,   J.   Seymour Dist  Com  4,  1887;  Dist.  Com.  7,  1888. 

Scott,    Jas.    S Dist.  Com.  10,  1900-3. 

Scott,   Miss   Louise Dist.  Com.  2  (Green.),  1900-         ;  Vis.  Com., 

1900-2. 
Scott,   Wm.   G ' Dist.  Com.  8,  1887;  Dist.  Com.  3,  1888-9;  C.  C, 

Com.  on  Dist.  Work  and  Com.  on  Prov.  Hab., 

1889. 

Scribner,  Arthur  H Dist.  Com.  4,  1890. 

Scripture,  Mrs.   F.   E Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1900-3. 

Scrymser,  Mrs.  Jas.  A... Ladies'     Aux.     Com.     Dist.     5,     1888;     Ch'n 

Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  5,  1889-92;   Dist.  Com.  5, 

1893-5;  C.  C,  1891-         ;  Com.  on  Coop.,  1891- 

1901;  Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Wom.,  1890-  ; 

Cb'n   Standing  Com.,  1893;   Com.  on  W.  R., 

1894-1900;  Com.  on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  1906- 
Scudder,  Chas.  D.,  M.  D..Dist.  Com.  12,  1883-4. 
Seager,   Henry  R. Dist.    Com    10,    1903-4;     Com.  on  Soc.  Res., 

1903- 

Seager,  Mrs.  Henry  R Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  10,  1903-4. 

Seaman,   Miss  L Dist.  Com.  8   (Hudson),  1894- 

Seaman,  L.  L.,  M.  D C.  C.  Del.  Dist.  Com.  14,  1887;  Dist  Com.  5, 

1888;  Dist.  Com.  6,  1889-93. 

Seguin,  Mrs.  Kate Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  5,  1888. 

Seligman,   Mrs.   Albert Vis  Com.  Dist.  7,  1899-1901. 

Seligman,  Edwin  R.  A C.  C,  1886-8;  Com.  on  Fin.  and  Com.  on  Va- 
cancies, 1886;   Com.  on  Pub.,  1887;   Com.  on 

Mend.,  1888. 
Seligman,   Geo.  W Treas.    Dist.  Com.  9,  1885-7;    Dist.  Com.  6, 

1888. 
Sellew,  F.  S.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  4,  1884-7,  C.  C.  Del.,  1886,  Ch'n, 

1887;    Com.  on  Coop.,  1886;     Dist.    Com.    9, 

1888-90,   Sec,  1888-9. 
Sellew,   Mrs.   F.   S Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Women,  1896-        ,  Sec, 

1898-         ;  Com.  on  W.  R.,  1896-1900. 


SCHURZ-SMITH  211 

Seymour,    Ellis    G Sec.  Cent.  Com.,  1893. 

Sharp,  J.  Clarence,  M.  D..Dist.  Com.  10,  1895. 

Sharp,  Mrs.  J.  Clarence Dist.  Com.  10,  1895-1900. 

Shearer,  L.  H.,  M.  D Kips  Bay  Dist.  Com.,  1«05- 

Sheldon,    Wm.    E .Dist.  Com.  4,  1894-5. 

Sheldon,   W.    L Com.  on  Coop,  and  C.  C.  Del.  Dist.  Com.  9, 

1885-6. 

Shepard,    P.    R Dist.  Com.  9,  1896-7. 

Sherrill,  C.  H Dist.  Com.  4,  1896-1900,  Ch'n,  1897-8. 

Shiel,  Dr.  Gerald  M.  V Dist.  Com.  11,  1900-3,  Vis.  Com.,  1900-3. 

Shipman,   Geo.   H Dist.  Com.  8,  1894. 

Shipman,  Miss  Gertrude . .  See  Burr,  Mrs.  Wm.  H. 
Shipman,   Rev.  Herbert. .  .Dist.  Com.  8,  1895-7,  Sec,  1896-7. 
Shively,  Henry  L.,  M.  D.Tub.  Relief  Com.,  1906- 

Shotwell,  J.  T Riverside  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Shrady,  John  E.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  10,  1903-4. 

Sill,  Rev.  Thomas  H Dist.  Com  6  (Chelsea),  1897-        ,  Vice-Ch'n, 

1906- 
Simkhovitch,  Vladimir  G.Com.  on  Soc.  Res.,  1905- 
Simkhovitch,  Mrs.  Vladi- 
mir Q Dist  Com.  3,  1897-8;  Dist.  Com.  7,  1899-1902; 

Dist.  Com.  2   (Green.),  1902- 

Simmons,  Henry   Dist.  Com.  1,  1888-91. 

Simmons,  W.  C Dist.  Com.  2,  1890-7. 

Simpson,  Miss  L.  H Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1897-9. 

Skidmore,   Mrs.   L Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  6,  1889-90,  Sec,  1890. 

Slade,  Mrs.  G.  P Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  9,  1891. 

Sloan,  Mrs.  Samuel,  Jr Dist.  Com.  8,  1895. 

Slocum,   Jos.   J Ch'n  Dist.  Com.  4,  1883-6;  C.  C,  1884-7;  Com. 

on  Fin.,  1884-6;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1884-5, 

1886;   Exec  Com.,  1885-6. 
Smedley,  Fred.  G Dist.  Com.  7,  1885-7;  Ch'n  Dist.  Com.  6,  1888- 

90,  1892-1900;  C.  C.  Del.,  1889-90,  1893-5. 
Smith,  Andrew  H.,  M.  D.C.  P.  T.,  1902. 

Smith,   Aug.   C Dist.  Com.  4,  1893. 

Smith,  B.  Drake Dist.  Com.  1,  1890-1. 

Smith,  Prof.  Chas.  SpragueDist.  Com.  9,  1891,  1893-5. 

Smith,  Miss  E.  C Dist.  Com.  4,  1902- 

Smith,  Dr.  E.  F Chelsea  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Smith,    Henry   A Dist.  Com.  6,  1899-1902. 

Smith,  John  T Dist.     Com.     11     (Bronx),    and    Vis.    Com., 

1900- 
Smith,  Mrs.  John  T Dist.  Com.  11,  1900-4,  Vis.  Com.,  1900-3. 


212  MEMBERS     OF     COUNCIL    AND     COMMITTEES 

Smith,  John  T.   .' Dist  Com.  1,  1901-3. 

Smith,    L.    L Dist.  Com.  7,  1887. 

Smith,   Louis  G Com.  on  Indus  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1905- 

Smith,  Mrs.  S.  Sidney Gram.  Dist.  Com.,  1906-7. 

Smith,  Stephen,  M.  D Orig.  C.  C.   (ex  oft.,  Com'r  St.  Bd.  of  Char.). 

Smith,  Mrs.  Thps.  C Dist.  Com.  10,  1892. 

Smith,    Winthrop   D Com.  on  Indus.  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1901-3. 

Smith,  Miss  Zilpha  D Com.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  1899-1903. 

Smithers,   F.    S Com.  on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  1895-8,  Ch'n,  1896- 

8;    C.  C,  1896-8;    Com.  on  Mend.,  1896-7. 

Smyth,  Mrs.  Geo.  McB Dist.  Com.  11,  1897-1903,  Vis.  Com.,  .1900-3. 

Snedden,    David    S Riverside  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Snedeker,  Rev.  Chas.  H...Dist  Com.  7,  1899-1900. 

Sniffer,    Mrs.    John .Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  3,.  1889. 

Solomon,    Henry    Dist.   Com.  3    (Corlears),   1893-4,   1897-  , 

Ch'n,  1901-3,  C.  C.  Del.,  1897-1905;  Com.  on 
Wayfarers'  Lodge,  1899-1900;  Com.  on  In- 
dus. Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1900-  ;  Com.  on 
Coop.,  1903-4;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1906- 

Somerville,   Miss    .....Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  4,  1889. 

Sondheim,   Eugene    Com.  on  Wayfarers'  Lodge,  1899-1900;   Com. 

on  Indus.  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1900-1. 

Spalding,  Mrs.  G.  A Dist.    Com.    10    (Harlem),    1892,    1898-1903; 

Ch'n  Ladies'  Aux.  Com.,  1901-2,  1903-5;  Aux. 
Com.  and  F.  V.,  1906- 

Spectorsky,  Isaac   Dist.  Com.  3,  1893-4. 

Speed,    Miss    M F.  V.  Riverside  Dist,  1907- 

Spencer,  Mrs.  Gustavus-F.  V.  Dist.  Com.  6,  1888;  Ladies'  Aux.  Com., 

1889-90;  Dist.  Com.  6,  1891-1902;  Ch'n 
Ladies'  Com.,  1895-7;  Com.  on  Laundry, 
1901-4. 

Speyer,  James    Dist.  Com.  7,  1893-5;  C.  C,  1894-6;   Com.  on 

Prov.  Hab.,  1894-  ;  Trust.  P.  P.  F.,  1894- 
1901;    Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1896- 

Speyers,  Mrs.  A Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  6,  1889. 

Sponable,   Wells    Bronx  Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Stanton,   Edmund   C .Dist.  Com.  4,  1888. 

Stanton,   Louis  L ...Sec.  Dist.  Com.  4,  1888. 

Starkweather,    C.    C. Dist  Com.  10,  1896-7. 

Steel,   Miss   Eloise ...  .Dist.  Com.  3,  1895-7. 

Steele,  Rev.   Frederick  T.. Dist.  Com.  3,  1896-7. 

Stephens,  Olin  J. Bronx  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Stephenson,   Miss  Julia-. Bronx  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 


SMITH-STURGIS  213 

Stern,  Myer    Com.  on  Mend.,  1886-7;   C.  C,  1887. 

Stevens,  Miss  Frances- . -Harl.  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Steward,  Mrs.  J.  D Dist.  Com.  5,  1893-1904. 

Stewart,  Wm.  R .C.  C,  ex-off.  (Com'r  St.  Bd.  of  Char.),  1883- 

90;  Com.  on  Phil.  Ed.,  1901-3. 

Stiles,  Thos.  W Dist.  Com.  6,  1896-7. 

Stimpson,  Mrs.  E.  R F.  V.  Dist.  4,  1888. 

Stimson,    Miss   Candace. . .  Dist.  Com.  2,  1895-1900. 

Stimson,   Henry   L Dist.    Com.    2,    1892-1901;    C.  C,   1898-1904; 

Com.  on  Fin.  and  Memb.,  1898-9;  Com.  on 
Dist  Work,  1899-1900;  Com.  on  Mend.,  1901- 
2;    Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1905- 

Stimson,  Mrs.  Henry  L...Dist.  Com.  2,  1894-1900;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work, 

1895-9;  Com.  on  Cent.  Off.  Bur.,  1896-1903. 

Stoiber,  Louis    Dist.  Com.  3,  1888-91,  1893-5,  1897-1900. 

Stokes,   Anson  Phelps Orig.  C.  C;    C.  C,  1882-5;    Com.  on    Mend., 

1883-5;  Com.  on  Fin.,  1884-5;  Soc.  Vice-Pres., 
1887-90. 

Stokes,  I.  N.  Phelps Ten.  House  Com,  1898-        ,  Sec,  1901-3;   C. 

C,    1900-  ;     Com.    on   Fin.   and   Memb., 

1901-         ;   Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1902- 

Stokes,  Mrs.  J.  G.  Phelps. Corlears  Dist.  Com.,  1906-7. 

Stone,  Mrs.  A.  L Dist.  Com.   10,   1894. 

Stone,    Miss   Annie Ladies'     Aux.     Com.     Dist.    7,    1888-93,    Sec, 

1889-90,  Dist.  Com.  7,  1892-5;  Vis.  Com., 
1895;     Com.   on    Laundry,     1889-  ,     Sec, 

1894-6,  1900-4,  Ch'n,  1897-1900,  1905- 

Stone,  Miss  Mary  Ellis... Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1902-4. 

Stone,   Wm Dist.  Com.  7,  1890-7,  Ch'n  and    C.    C.    Del., 

1891-2. 

Stone,  Mrs.  Wm Ladies'  Com.  Dist.   7,  18,90-3;    Dist.  Com.   7, 

1893-7;  Vis.  Com.,  1895-7;  Cent.  Aux.  Com. 
of  Wom.,  1891-3,  1896-9;  Com.  on  W.  R., 
1896-9. 

Stover,   Chas.   B Dist.  Com.  3,  1888-94,  Sec,  1890-1. 

Strader,  Rev.  F.  N Dist.  Com.  11   (Bronx),  1901-5. 

Strobridge,  Mrs.  Geo.  E...Dist.  Com.  2    (Greenwich),  1903-5. 

Strong,  Rev.  .George  A.. Dist.  Com.  8  (Hudson),  1903-        ,  C.  C.  Del.., 

1905. 

Stuart,  W.  C.  Dist.  Com.  8,  1894-7. 

Sturgis,  Miss Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  9,  1891. 

Sturgis,  Miss  B Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1890-2;  Com.  on  Laun- 
dry, 1891. 


214  MEMBERS     OF     COUNCIL    AND     COMMITTEES 

Sturgis,  F.  R.,  M.  D Orig.  C.  C. 

Sturgis,  Miss  M.  B Sec.  Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1890-3;  Dist.  Com. 

7,  1893-5,  Vis.  Com.,  1895. 

Sturgis,   Miss   Sarah Dist.  Com.  7,  1896-7,  Vis.  Com.,  1896-8. 

Sturgis,   Thomas    Ten.  House  Com.,  1900- 

Sturm,  Miss  Sadie   Dist.  Com.  11,  1896-7. 

Stuyvesant,  Rutherfurd..Orig.  C.  C;  C.  C,  1882-6;  Exec.  Com.,  1883- 

4;     Com.    on    Fin.,  1882-5;    Com.  on  Mend., 

1885-6;   Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1888- 
Sullivan,  Chas Dist.  Com.  10,  1892-1901,  C.  C.  Del.,  1894-«, 

1899-1901,  Ch'n,  1894-1901. 

Suse,  Mrs.  F.  E Chelsea  Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Sutro,    Lionel    Dist.  Com.  4,  1886-7;    Dist.  Com.  9,    1888-9, 

C.  C.  Del.,  1890;   Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1890. 

Symington,   A.    S Dist.  Com.  4,  1888. 

Symington,  Albert   Com.  on  W.  Y.,  1889;   Dist.  Com.,  1,  1895. 

Taber,  Augustus    Dist.  Com.  5,  1890. 

Tack,   Theo.  E C.    C,    Com.  on  Coop.,  1888;    Dist.  Com.   I, 

1888-93,  Sec.  and  Treas.,  1891-3;   Dist.  Com. 

8,  1894. 

Talmage,  Rev.  G.  E Ch'n  Dist.  Com.  11,  1895-7,  C.  C.  Del.,  1896-7. 

Tarns,  Mrs.  J.  FrederickGram.  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Tapley,  Mrs.   J.   F Ladies'   Aux.   Com.    Dist.     9,    1888-90;     Ch'n 

Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  3,  1889;  Dist.  Com.  3, 
1894,  1896-7,  Sec,  1895-7;  Cent.  Aux.  Com. 
of  Wom.,  1890-7,  Sec,  1891-3,  Treas.,  1896-7; 
Com.  on  W.  R.,  1894-7,  Sec.  and  Treas., 
1894-5. 

Tatlock,  John,  Jr Dist.  Com.  8,  1894. 

Taylor,    Graham    Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1906-         ;   Asso.  Ed.  Char- 
ities, 1905- 

Taylor,  Mrs.  H.  O Dist.   Com.   9    (Yorkville),   1895-  ,   Sec, 

1896-7;  Vis.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1899,  Ch'n,  1900- 
05;  Com.  on  Adv.  and  Inf.,  1906-  ;  C.  C, 
1903- 

Taylor,  Mrs.  H.  S Bronx  Dist.  Com.  and  Vis.  Com.,  1905- 

Sec,  1907- 

Taylor,  J.  Watson Dist.  Com.  4,  1891. 

Taylor,  Jas.  R.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  14,  1883-4. 

Teall,   Mrs.   O.    S Ladies'    Com.    Dist.   5,   1889;     Ladles'  Com. 

Dist.  7,  1890. 

Tenney,   Mrs.   S.   E F.  V.  Riverside  Dist.  Com,  1907- 

Tenney,  Sutherland   Dist.  Com.  10,  1887;  Dist.  Com.  7,  1888. 


STURGIS-TRENHOLM  215 

Thacher,    Mrs.    Thos Ladies'    Com.     Dist.     7,     1889-91;     Com.     on 

Laundry,  1890. 

Thaw,  A.  Blair,  M.  D Sec.  Dist.  Com.  8,  1894. 

Thomas,  Mrs.  Hector  W..Dist.  Com.  7,  1896-7. 

Thomas,   Henry   T Dist.  Com.  14,  1885-7;   Dist.  Com.  5,  1888-90. 

Thomas,  Mrs.  H.  W Dist.  Com.  7  and  Vis.  Com.,  1896-7. 

Thompson,   Frank  E Dlsi.  Com.  10,  1902-3. 

Thompson,  Fred  k  F C.  C,  1887-8;  Com.  on  Fin.,  1887-8;  Sec.  Vice- 

Pres.,  1889-98. 

Thompson,  Mrs.  M.  L Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1903-4. 

Thompson,    Morris    S Dist.  Com.  7,  1887;  C.  C,  1888-1901;  Com.  on 

Dist.  Work,  1888-91;  Dist.  Com.  6,  1888-1904, 

Sec,  1896-9,  Ch'n,  1899-1901;  Com.  on  Mend., 

1893-1902;   Com.  on  Audit  of  Ace,  1896-1901. 
Thompson,  W.  G.,  M.  D.C.  P.  T.,  1902- 

Thorley,  Mrs.  J.  E Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1890. 

Thoron,  Joseph   Grig.  C.   C;    C.  C,   1882-5;    Com.  on  Vacan- 
cies,  1883-5;    Com.   on    Mend.,    1884-5;     Soc. 

Vice-Pres.,  1887-1900. 

Thorp,  H.  H.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  8,  1895. 

Tierney,   Miles    Com.     on    Wayfarers'    Lodge,    1894-7;     Ten. 

House  Com.,  1900- 

Tinker,  Rev.  C.  P Dist.  Com.  9   (York.),  1902-5. 

Tinsley,    Walter   W Dist.  Com.  11,  1896-1900. 

Tod,    J.    Kennedy Grig.  C.  C;  Com.  on  Fin.,  1882-4. 

Tompkins,  Gilbert    Dist.  Com.  4,  1884-6. 

Tompkins,  Hamilton  B....Dist.  Com.  9,  1887;   Dist.  Com.  6,  1888-1904; 

C.  C.  Del.,  1896-1904. 

Tompkins,   James    Dist.  Com.  U,  1897;  Vis  Com.,  1900-3. 

Torrence,  Mrs.  John Dist.  Com.  1  and  Vis.  Com,  1897-8. 

Torrey,  Mrs.  S.  W Ladies'    Aux.    Com.   Dist.   6,   1889-90;     Dist. 

Com.  6,  1891. 

Tovey,  Dr.  David  W Harlem  Dist.  Com.,  1907- 

Townsend,  Edw.  M.,  Jr... Dist.  Com.  11,  1885-7;    Treas.  Dist.  Com.  4, 

1888-90,  Sec,  1889-90. 

Townsend,   S.  V.  R Sec  Dist.  Com.  1,  1888. 

Tracy,  Miss  E Vis.    Com.     Dist.    11     (Bronx),    1902-  ; 

Bronx  Dist.  Com.,  1903- 
Treacy,  R.  S Dist.    Com.     6     (Chelsea),   1901-         ,    Ch'n, 

1905. 

Treat,  Edw.  A Dist.  Com.  4,  1887;   Dist.  Com.  9,  1888. 

Trenliolm,  Miss  M.  de  G.Yorkville   Dist.   Com.,    1907- 


2l6  MEMBERS     OF     COUNCIL     AND     COMMITTEES 

Trent,  Prof.  W.  P Dist.   Com.    4    (Riverside),   1901-  ,   C   C. 

Del.  and  Ch'n,  1902-6. 

Trimble,  Mrs.  A.  W Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  5,  1890-1. 

Trimble,  Richard    Dist.  Com.  5,  1888-95. 

Trotter,    Wm.    J See.  Dist.  Com.  11,  1885-7. 

Troup,  Miss  A.  G Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1900-1. 

Troy,  Mrs.  Anna  Lee Harl.  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

Trudeau,  E.  L.,  M.  D....C.  P.  T.,  1902- 

Tucker,   Mrs.   Chas Dist.  Com.  11,  1895-7. 

Tucker,    Frank    Com.   on  Dep.   Chil.,   1902-3;    Spec.   Com.   on 

Winter  Course,  1902-4;  Com.  on  Soc,  Res., 
1903-         ;  Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1905- 

Tuckerman,  Rev.  G Dist.   Com.   11    (Bronx),   1901-5,    Vis.    Com., 

1903-5. 

Tuckerman,  Lucius    Orig.   C.   C.   Vice-Pres.;    C.   C,   1882-5;    Com. 

on  Vacancies,  1883-5;  Com.  on  Mend.,  1884-5; 
Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1887-90. 

Tully,  F.  W Chelsea  Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Turner,  Herbert  B C.  C,  1888-1902;    Soc.  Vice-Pres.,  1902;   Com. 

on  Mend.,  1888;  Com.  on  Fin.,  1888-9,  Ch'n, 
1889;  Com.  on  Fin.  and  Mend.,  1890-4,  Ch'n, 
1890-2;  Com.  on  Legal  Ques.,  1892-1902, 
Ch'n,  1895-1902. 

Turner,  Mrs.  Richard Vis.  Com.  Dist.  11,  1901-2. 

Tuthill,    E.    R Dist.  Com.  10  1890. 

Tuttle,  Miss  A F.  V.  Harl  Dist.  Com.  1906- 

Twigg,  Miss  Helen  J. .  • .  Bronx  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Twombly,    H.    McK C.    C,    1883^6;     Com.   on  Fin.,   1883-6;     Soc 

Vice-Pres.,   1887-90. 

Twombly,  Mrs.  P.  J. F.  V  Dist  Com.  7,  1888. 

Valentine,  Miss  F.  V....F.  V.  River.  Dist.  Com.,  1906- 

Valentine,  Miss  J See  Cauldwell,  Mrs.  S.  M. 

Valpy,    Miss   M Vis.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1900-1. 

Vanderpoel,  John,  M.  D...Dist.  Com.  6,  1893-5. 

Vanderpoel,  S.  O.,  M.  D. ..  President,  1882-6;   Vice-Prest.,  1886. 

Van  Dyke,  Miss Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3  1897-8. 

Van  Fleet,  Rev.  Frank York  Dist.  Com.,  1903-5. 

fan  Nest,  Mrs Com.  on  Laundry,  1889. 

Van  Orden,  Mrs.  A.  S Dist.  Com.  11,  1897-1901. 

Van  Patten,  Mrs.   . . ; F.  V.  Dist.  4,  1888. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Miss  K.. Ladies'     Aux.    Com.    Dist.    7,    1888;     Ladies' 

Aux  Com.  Dist.  6,  1889-90;  Com.  on  Laun- 
dry, 1891. 


TRENT- WASHBURN  -217 

Van  Rensselaer,  Kiliaen   .Dist.  Com.  1,  1890-1. 

Van  Rensselaer,  M.,  M.  D.Dist.  Com.  8,  1883-6,  Ch'n,  1885-6. 

Van  Santvoord,  R.,  M.  D..Dlst.  Com.  10  1890.  •- 

Van  Valzah,  W.  W.,  M.  D.Dist.  Com.  9,  1885-6. 

Veiller,  Lawrence ....Director   Dept.   for    Improvement   of    Social 

Conditions,   1907-         ;    Dist.  Com.  3,  1892-4; 

Ten.  House  Com.,  1898-         ;   advisory  mem- 

bei-    ex-oft.    Exec.    Com.    (2d  Sec),  C.  P  T., 

Ten.     House     Com.     and     Com.     on     Mend., 

1507- 
Vinton,  C.  C,  M.  D. . . . . . .  Dist.  Com.  3,  1888-90. 

Voris,    J.    R Dist.  Com.  4,  1903-4. 

Wachenheim,  F.  L.,  M.  D.C.  P.  T,  1902- 
Waddington,   Miss   Effie...Gram.  Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Waddington,    Geo. Dist.  Com.  1,  1889-1898. 

Waddington,   Mrs.  Geo.. Dist.  Com.  5  (Gram.),  1901- 
Wadsworth,  R.  C.  W...  ...C.  P.  T.,  1902. 

Walbarst,  Miss  Sarah Dist.  Com.  3,  1901-3. 

Wald,  Miss  Lillian  D....C.   P.   T.,   1902-1907;    C.  C,   Exec.   Com.    (2d 

Sect.),  1907- 

Wales,  Edw.  H Dist.  Com.  7,  1891-5,  Sec,  189i-3. 

Walker,  Mrs.   A. Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1888. 

Walker,  Mrs.  H.   O Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  6,  1889-90. 

Walker,   John   C .Dist.  Com.  10,  1890-2,  Sec.  1890. 

Waller,  Frank Dist.  Com.  11,  1885-7;    Dist.  Com.  4,  1888-9, 

'  "  '  Vice-C'h'n,  1888,  C.  C.  Del.,  1889. 

Warburg,  Felix  M.. . . . .  .C.  C,  Exec  Com.   (2d  Sect),  1907- 

Warburg,   Paul   M C.  C,  1904-         ;  Ch'n  Com.  on  Pub.  and  Lib., 

1904;  Ch'n  Coin,  on  Library,  1905- 
Ward,  Miss  C.  E ....Ladies'    Aux.    Com.    Dist.  6,  1889-90;     Dist. 

Com.  6,  1891-3. 
Ward,  John  Seely   ..Dist.    Com.  4  1889-90;    Com.  on  Wayfarers' 

Lodge,  1894-9;  C.  P.  T.,  1906- 

Ward,  Mrs.  T.  W.... Dist.  Com.  3   (Corlears),  1901-7. 

V/are,  Jas.  E Dist.  Com.  9,  1889-90. 

Warner,   C.   H Vis.  Com.  Dist:  3,  1901-3. 

Warner,  Mrs.  Lucien  C.Dist.  Com.  10,  1890-5,  Ladies'  Com.,  1890. 

Warren,  John  S.,  M.  D Dist.  Com.  7,  1885-7. 

Washburn,  Gratiot    .......Dist.  Com.  7,  1885-6.       ' 

Washburn,  W.,  M.   D. ..  ..Dist.    Com.    14,    1884-7;    Dist.    Com.,    5    1888- 

1901,  C.  C.  Del.,  1893-9;  Com.  on  W.  Y.,  1893; 

Com.  on  Wayfarers*  Lodge,  1894-8. 


2l8  MEMBERS    OF     COUNCIL     AND     COMMITTEES 

Waterbury,  Charlotte  A...Dist.  Com.  1,  1900-3;   Dist.  Com.   (Corlears), 

1906-7. 

Waterhouse,    Rev.    Ever- 
ett     Dist.  Com.  8  (Hudson),  1903- 

Waters,  H.  B.,  M.  D C.  P.  T.  and  Tub.  Rel.  Com.,  1906- 

Watson,    C.    A Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1900-2. 

Watson,    C.    G Dist  Com.  9,  1896-7. 

Watson,   C.  W Com.  on  Laundry,  1906- 

Watson,   Pred'k    C.  C.  Del.  Com.  3  and  Com.  on  Dist.  Work, 

1888;   Com.  on  W.  Y.,  1889. 

Watson,   Mrs.   W Sub.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1900-3. 

Webster,   W.   C Dist."  Com.  9,  1896-7. 

Weed,  Mrs.  Wm.  A .F.  V.  Dist.  2,  1888;  Dist.  Com.  2,  1889. 

Weeks,    Francis    H C.  C,  1884-1893;   Dist.  Com.  10,  1883-7,  C.  C, 

1883-4,  Ch'n,  1883-5;  Com.  on  Pin.,  1884-5, 
1889;  Com.  on  Fin.  and  Mend.,  1890;  Com. 
on  Leg.  Ques.,  1884-5,  1891-3;  Com.  on  Pub., 
1884-5;  Pres.,  1885-7;  Exec.  Com.,  1887-8; 
Vice-Pres.,  1888;  Ch'n  Com.  on  Coop.,  1888; 
Dist.  Com.  7,  1888;  Com.  on  Vacancies,  1889. 

Weeks,  W.   Holden Dist.    Com.    6    (Chelsea),    1902-  ,    Vice- 

Ch'n,  1903-05,  Ch'n,  1906-  ,  C.  C.  Del., 
1903-  ;  Exec.  Com.,  1905-7;  Com.  on  Leg. 
Ques.,  1905-7;  Com.  on  Emp.  Bur.  for  Han- 
dicapped, 1906- 

Weisse,  Faneuil  D.,  M.  D..Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1885-6;    Dist.  Com.  11, 

1885-7,  C.  C.  Del.,  1885-6. 

Welborn,   Luther   S Dist  Com.  2,  1890-91. 

Weld,  Francis  M Com.    on    Emp.  Bur.  for  Handicapped,  1906- 

Welles,    Benj ...Dist.  Com.  5   (Gram.),  1888-        ,  Sec,  1889- 

,  C.  C.  Del.  1902-  ;  Ch'n  Com.  on 
Cases  in  A.  B.  1894-5;  Com.  on  Dist.  Work, 
1900-4. 

Welling,  Miss  E.  G Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  7,  1889-90. 

Wells,  Mrs.   C.  W Ladies'  Com.  Dist.  10,  1890. 

Welting,    Miss    E Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1888. 

West,  Mrs.  Geo.  L. Vis  Com.  Dist.  4,  1902-4. 

West,   Mrs.   M Vis.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1903-4. 

West,  W.  E.  M.  D Dist.  Com.  8  (Hudson),  1899- 

Westbrooke,   Miss  E.  L... Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1888. 

Weyl,  Walter  E Corlears  Dist.  Com.,  1905. 

Wheeler,   Miss   Constance .  See  Johnson,  Mrs.  Burges. 

Wheeler,  Miss  E.  B Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  4,  1888. 


WATERBURY- WILLIAMS  219 

Wheeler,  Mrs,  E.  P Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist.  9,  1888,  Ch'n  Ladies' 

Com.,  1889-91;  Dist.  Com.  9,  1891-1901,  Ch'n 
Com.  on  Visitation  and  Treat,  1892-3;  Vis. 
Com.,  1896-1901,  Ch'n,  1899-1901;  Com.  on 
Laundry,  1889-1900. 

Wheeler,  Mrs.  E.   P Yorkville  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

White,  Alfred  T Ten.    House    Com.    and  Com.  on  Phil.  Ed., 

1903- 

White,  Rev.  Qaylord  S..Dist.   Com.   9    (York.),   1900-        ;    Tub.  Re- 
lief Com.,  1906. 

White,  Mrs.  Harriet  M.  R.Dist.  Com.  10,  1890,  1892;  Ch'n  Ladies'  Com., 

1890;  Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Ladies,  1890. 

White,  Miss  J.  R Dist.  Com.  5,  1894-7. 

White,  Miss  M.  P Dist.    Com.   9    (Yorkville)     and    Vis.    Com., 

1899-1905;   Com.  on  Dist.  Work,  1900-1. 

Whitfield,  Mrs.   E.   A Dist  Com.  10  1892-7. 

Whitlock,  B.  McE Dist  Com.  12,  1883-7,  Sec.  and  Treas.,  1885- 

7;  Treas.  Dist  Com.  1,  1888-92;  C.  C,  ex-oif. 
(rep.  S.  C.  A.  A.),  and  Com.  on  Mend., 
1890-2. 

Whitman,  Mrs.  Alfred Dist  Com.  8,  1894-1901. 

Whitney,    E.    B Ten.  House  Com.,  1900- 

Whiton,   Dr.  Jas.  M Dist  Com.   10    (Harlem),   1897-  ,  Ch'n, 

1903-  ,  C.  C.  Del.,  1901-  ;  Com.  on  Ap- 
peals, 1903- 

Whitridge,  Fred.  W Dist   Com.   13,   1884-5. 

Whittle,  Mrs.  A.  T Dist  Com.  9    (Yorkville),  1898-  ;   Vis. 

Com.,  1899- 

Wiegand,  Henry  K Dist  Com.  3,  1889. 

Wilcox,   Franklin   K.    ...York.  Dist  Com.,  1903- 

Wile,  Dr.  Ira  S Riverside  Dist  Com.,  1907- 

Wilde,  Mrs.  V Ladies'  Aux.  Com.  Dist  6,  1889-90. 

Wilhelm,  Miss  C.  E Vis.   Com.   Dist    3,    1900-4;     Corlears    Dist 

Com.,  1905. 

Wilkins,  Warren  B Dist  Com.  3,  1890-4,  Treas.,  1891-2. 

'Willard,  David    Dist  Com.  3,  1897-1902,  Sec,  1899-1900. 

Willenbrock,   Mrs.    F Vis.  Com.  Dist   9,  1896-7. 

Williams,  Arthur  H Dist  Com.  4,  1889. 

Williams,  Miss  E.  S Dist  Com.  3  (Corlears),  1896-         ;  Com.  on 

Dist  Work,  1900-1. 

Williams,  Mrs.  Justus  N.Ladies'    Aux.    Com.   Dist   10    (Harl.),  1903- 

;   F.  v.,  1906- 

Williams,  Miss  L.  L Cent    Aux.    Com.  of    Wom.  1892-1901,   Sec., 

1897-8;  Com.  on  W.  R.,  1894-1900. 


220  MEMBERS    OF     COUNCIL     AND     COMMITTEES 

Williams,  Miss  S.  E Vis.  Com.  Dist.  7,  1897-  •    :  ■  ..=  v/ 

Williams,  Rev.  Theo.  C Dist.  Com.  11,  1885-6. 

Willis,  Wm.  Henry Dist.  Com.  10,  1885-7. 

Wilmer,  Wm.  N Dist.  Com.  4,  1889. 

Wilmerding,    Lucius    K. .  .Dist.  Com.  11,  1885-6. 

Wilsey,   F.    D .Bronx  Dist.  Com.,  1905- 

3^^ilson,  Mrs.  F.  A. .... . .  .Dist.  Com.  9,  1900-3 

Wilson,  Rev.  J.  A.  B Dist.  Com.  4,  1893. 

Winsor,  Washington   Dist.  Com.  10,  1891-2. 

Wolcott,   Mrs.   Louise Com.    on  Dist.  Work,  1897-9;    Dist.  Com.  7 

(Hon.  Mem.),  1897-1903;   Dist.  Com.  4,  1898- 

1901. 
Wolff,   A.   R C.  C,   1898-1902;    Com.   on  Fin.  and  Memb., 

1898-9;   Dist.  Com..  8    (Hudson),  1898-  ; 

Ch'n  Com.  on  Wayfarers'  Lodge,  1899-1900 ; 

Cli'n  Com.  on  Indus.  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1900- 

3;     Com.    on  Coop.,  1901-3;    Soc.  Vice-Pres., 

1902- 

Wolff,  -P.  -. Vis.  Com.  Dist.  11,  1900-2. 

Wood,    J.    Seymour Dist.  Com.  5  1889-91. 

Wood,    L.    H Com.  on  Wayfarers'  Lodge,  1899-1900;   Com. 

on  Indus.  Bldg.  and  W.  Y.,  1900-1. 

Woodruff,   Geo.    . . .  - F.  V.  Dist.  2,  1888. 

Woodward,   S.   W.. . . ...  .Char.  Pub.  Com.,  1905- 

Woolman,  Mrs.  F.  C Dist.  Com.  5,  1893-7. 

Woolston,  H.  B ..F.  V.  River.  Dist.  Com.,  1905-7. 

Worcester,     Mrs.     Fran- 
ces J Dist.  Com.  10   (Harlem),  1898-1903;   Ladies' 

Aux.  Com.,  1903-     , 

Wray,  J.  H Dist.  Com.  10,  1894-5. 

Wray,  Mrs.  J.  H Dist.  Com.  10,  189^-1903. 

Wright,  Rev.  M.  St.  C....Dist.  Com.  10,  1890-91,  C.  C.  Del.,  1890, 
Wyeth,   Miss   Annie.... ...Dist.  Com.  10,  1894-1903. 

Wyeth,   Mrs.   L.   J Cent.  Aux.  Com.  of  Women,  1906- 

Yates,  Mrs.  Mary  E.i..'...F..V.  Dist.  6,  1888.  ' 

York,  John    ............. .Dist.  Com.  11,  1895-7. 

Young,   A.   Murray... Dist.  Com.  5,  1889-90. 

Young,  G.  W Dist.  Com.  8,  1897-8,  1901-3. 

Young,  Thomas  S.,  Jr Dist.  Com.  11,  1885-7. 

Younger,  Miss  M Vis.  Com.  Dist.  3,  1898-1903. 

Yiil€i   Mrs.   J. Vis.  Com.  Dist.,  11,  1901-2. 

Zabriskie,  Andrew  C Dist.  Com.  9,  1886. 

Zabriskie,  Geo.    ,...:...  ..Dist.  Com.  4,  1889-90. 
Zeller,  Jos.  F..;.., /...... Dist.  Com,  4,  1883-4. 


Twenty-Fifth    Annual   Report 

For  the  Year  Ending 

September  30 

1907 


OFFICERS    OF   THE   SOCIETY 
October,    1907 

President,    ROBERT   W.   db   FOREST,    30   Broad   Street 


Vice-Presidents 


Constant   A.   Andrews 
Robert    C.    Cornell 
H.   C.   Fahnestock 
Charles    S.    Fairchild 
E.  C.  Henderson 
Samuel  M.  Jackson 
Charles  D.   Kellogg 
John  S.  Kennedy 
Francis   H,   Leggett 
Seth  Low 


Peter   B.    Olney 
Eugene  A.  Philbin 
Henry   Rice 
J.  Hampden  Robb 
J.  R.  Roosevelt 
George    P.    Rowell 
Jacob  H.   Schiff 
James  Speyer 
Henry  L,   S'timson 
Rutherfurd  Stuyvesant 


Alfred  R.  Wolff 


CENTRAL    COUNCIL 

President Robert    W.    de    Forest 

Vice-President Otto    T.    Bannard 

Treasurer J.     Pierpont    Morgan 

General    Secretary Edward   T.    Devlne 


Term  Expires   October,  1908 

Miss  Kate  Bond,  230  West  59th  Street  Harold   Herrick,   46  Cedar  Street 
Robert  W.  de  Forest,  30   Broad  Street  Charles  E.  Merrill,  44  East  23d  Street 
Homer  Folks,   105  East  22d  Street  Mrs.  Wm.  B.  Rice,  17  West  16th  Street 

Edward   S.   Harkness,   26   Broadway  Mrs.  James  A.  Scrymser,  107  E.  21st  St. 

Miss  Lillian  D.  Wald,  265  Henry  S't. 


Term  Expires   October,  1909 


Robert  S.   Brewster,   40   Wall   St.  Frederic  B.  Jennings,  15  Broad  St. 

George  L.  Cheney,  131  East  57th  St.       Edgar  J.  Levey,  562  West  End  Ave. 
Charles  F.  Cox,  Grand  Central  Station   I.  N.  Phelps  Stokes,  100  William  St. 
T.  C.  Janeway,  46  West  48th  Street       Paul  M.  Warburg,  52  William  St. 
Felix  M.  Warburg,  52  William  St. 


224 


OFFICERS    AND    CENTRAL    COUNCIL 
Term  Expires  Octoherj  1910 


Otto   T.   Bannard,   26   Broad   Street 
Paul  D.   Cravath,   52   William  Street 
Johnston  de  Forest,  30  Broad  Street 
B.  M.   Grinnell,   36  East  50tli   Street 
Miss  A.  B.  Jennings,  48  Park  Avenue 


Mrs.  Frederic  S.  Lee,  125  E.  65th  St. 
P.  J.  McCook,   15   William   Street 
Robert  Grier  Monroe,  26  Liberty  Street 
J.  Pierpont  Morgan,   23  Wall  Street 
Mrs.  H.  O.  Taylor,  5  East  61st  Street 


District  Delegate  Members 


Charles   I.   McBurney,   31   Nassau   St. 
Rev.  O.  G.  Cocks,  61  Henry  Street 
W.    Holden   Weeks,    229   Broadway 
Benjamin   Welles,  6   West  37th   Street 
Frederick  Nathan,   162  West   86th   S't. 


Dr.  S.  F.  Hallock,  36  East  65th  St. 
Mrs.  N.  P.  Schwerin,  2508  Broadway 
Harris  E.  Adriance,  122  East  36th  St. 
J.  M.  Whiton,  28  West  128th  Street 
Albert  E.  Davis,  494   East  138th  St. 


Ex-Officio    Members 


The  Mayor  of  New  York 

The  Commissioner  of  the  Police  De- 
partment 

The  Commissioner  of  the  Health  De- 
partment 

The   Commissioner  of  Correction 

The  Commissioner  of  the  Department 
of   Public   Charities 


The  Commissioner  of  the  Tenement 
House   Department 

The  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Immigration. 

John  A.  McKim,  Representative  of  the- 
State    Charities    Aid   Association 

Prof.  Franklin  H.  Giddings,  Represent- 
ative  of   Columbia   University 


STANDING  COMMITTEES   OF  THE  CENTRAL   COUNCIL 
October,   1907 

Executive. — Robert  W.  de  Forest,  chairman;  Otto  T.  Bannard,  Robert 
S.  Brewster,  George  L.  Cheney,  Charles  F.  Cox,  Paul  D. 
Cravath,  Dr.  S.  F.  Hallock,  Edward  S.  Harkness,  Miss  A.  B, 
Jennings,  Mrs.  Frederic  S.  Lee,  ]\Irs.  Wm.  B.  Rice,  Miss  Lillian 
D.  Wald,  Felix  M.  Warburg,  W.  Holden  Weeks. 

Finance  and  Membership. — Mrs.  F.  S.  Lee,  chairman;  Robert  W.  de 
Forest,  Harold  Herrick,  Mrs.  James  A.  Scrymser,  L  N.  Phelps 
Stokes. 

Legal  Questions. — Philip  J.  McCook,  chairman ;  L.  L.  Kellogg,  W.  H. 
Weeks. 

District  Work. — Dr.  S.  F.  Hallock,  chairman;  Miss  Elizabeth  Bartho- 
low,  Barclay  W.  Bradley,  Miss  Ella  Mabel  Clark,  Miss  A.  B. 
Jennings,  Mrs.  Ira  G.  Lane,  J.  N.  Martin,  Miss  E.  D.  More- 
wood,  Miss  Teresa  O'Donohue,  Rev.  James  Palmer,  Henry- 
Solomon,  I.  N.  Phelps  Stokes. 

Mendicancy. — Frederic  B.  Jennings,  chairman;  Edgar  J.  Levey,  Robert 
Grier  Monroe. 

Committee  on  Philanthropic  Education. — Robert  W.  de  Forest,  chair- 
man. Ex-officio  MeTtibers:  John  S.  Kennedy,  president  of 
the  United  Charities;  Nicholas  Murray  Butler,  president  of  Co- 
lumbia University;  R.  Fulton  Cutting,  president  of  the  New 
York  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor; 
Henry  Rice,  president  of  the  United  Hebrew  Charities;  Thomas 
M.  Mulry,  president  of  the  Particular  Council  of  the  Society 
of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul.  Appointive  Members:  Otto  T.  Bannard, 
,  Charles  F.  Cox,  Edward  T.  Devine,  Dr.  S.  F.  Hallock,  Miss  A.  B. 
Jennings,  Frederic  B.  Jennings,  Mrs.  Frederic  S.  Lee,  Seth 
Low,  Mrs.  William  B.  Rice,  Alfred  T.  White. 

Library. — Paul  M.  Warburg,  chairman;  Morris  Loeb,  Charles  E.  Merrill. 


226  committees:    1907 

Chabities  Publication  Committee. — Robert  W.  de  Forest,  chairman; 
Paul  U.  Kellogg,  secretary;  Jane  Addams,  Chicago;  Robert  S. 
Brewster,  New  York;  Edward  T.  Devine,  New  York;  Arthur 
P.  Estabrook,  Boston;  Lee  K.  Frankel,  New  York;  Daniel  C. 
Oilman,  Baltimore;  John  M.  Glenn,  New  York;  "William  Gug- 
genheim, New  York;  William  E.  Harmon,  New  York;  Joseph 
Lee,  Boston;  John  F.  Moors,  Boston;  Robert  Treat  Paine, 
Boston;  Simon  N.  Patten,  Philadelphia;  Jacob  A.  Riis,  New 
York;  Margaret  Dreier  Robins,  Chicago;  Graham  Taylor,  Chi- 
cago; Frank  Tucker,  New  York;  S.  W.  Woodward,  Washing- 
ton. 

Committee  on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. — ^^Edgar  J.  Levey,  chair- 
man; Paul  Kennaday,  secretary;  Dr.  Hermann  M.  Biggs,  Dr. 
J.  S.  Billings,  David  Blaustein,  Dr.  John  W.  Brannan,  Herbert 
S.  Brown,  Dr.  Joseph  D.  Bryant,  Charles  F.  Cox,  Robert  W. 
de  Forest,  Edward  T.  Devine,  Homer  Folks,  Lee  K.  Frankel, 
Dr.  L.  Emmett  Holt,  Dr.  J.  H.  Huddleston,  Dr.  A.  Jacobi,  Dr. 
Walter  B.  James,  Dr.  E.  G.  Janeway,  Miss  A.  B.  Jennings, 
Dr.  S.  A.  Knopf,  Dr.  Alexander  Lambert,  Ernst  J.  Lederle, 
Dr.  Egbert  Le  Fevre,  Henry  M.  Leipziger,  Dr.  Henry  P.  Loomis, 
Dr.  Alfred  Meyer,  Dr.  James  Alexander  Miller,  Thomas  M. 
Mulry,  Mrs.  James  E.  Newcomb,  Eugene  A.  Philbin,  Dr.  T. 
Mitchell  Prudden,  Dr.  E.  Guernsey  Rankin,  Dr.  Andrew  H. 
Smith,  Dr.  W.  G.  Thompson,  Dr.  E.  L.  Trudeau,  Lawrence 
•  Veiller,  Br.  Frederick  L.  Wachenheim,  John  Seeley  Ward,  Jr., 
Dr.  B.  H.  Waters.  Ex-ofjlcio:  Edmond  J,  Butler,  Thomas 
Darlington,  Robert  W.  Hebberd. 

Tenement  House  Committee. — Paul  D.  Cravath,  chairman;  Miss  Emily 
W.  Dinwiddle,  secretary;  Charles  S.  Brown,  Robert  W.  de 
Forest,  Edward  T.  Devine,  Otto  M.  Eidlitz,  Matthew  C.  Flem- 
ing, E.  R.  L.  Gould,  Ernst  J.  Lederle,  Robert  Grier  Monroe, 
Henry  Phipps,  Frederick  B.  Pratt,  Jacob  A.  Riis,  I.  N.  Phelps 
Stokes,  Thomas  Sturgis,  Myles  Tierney,  Lawrence  Veiller, 
Alfred  T.  White,  Edward  B.  Whitney. 

Industrial  Building  and  Woody ard. — C.  E.  Merrill,  Jr.,  chairman; 
Charles  W.  Ogden,  secretary;  Johnston  de  Forest,  treasurer; 
Ernest  Gallaudet  Draper,  George  C.  Hollister,  Charles  W. 
McCandless,  Henry  Solomon. 

Laundry. — Miss  Annie  Stone,  chairman;  W.  F.  Brush,  secretary;  E.  M. 
Grinnell,  treasurer;  Miss  Louisa  T.  Caldwell,  Miss  Josephine 
F.  Hamilton,  Mrs.  J.  J.  Higginson,  Mrs.  Frederic  S.  Lee,  C.  W. 
Watson. 

Central  Auxiliary  Committee  of  Women. — Miss  Kate  Bond,  chairman; 
Mrs.  S.  F.  Sellew,  secretary;  Mrs.  S.  Bradhurst  Clark,  Mrs. 
John  Erving,  Mrs.  Benjamin  Nicoll,  Mrs.  James  A.  Scrymser, 
Mrs.  L.  I.  Wyeth,  Jr. 


committees:    1907  227 

Provident  Habits. — Otto  T.  Bannard,  chairman;  Robert  W.  de  Forest, 
Charles  S.  Fairchild,  Walter  Jennings,  James  Speyer. 

Committee  on  Provident  Relief  Funds. — ^Edgar  J.  Levey,  chairman; 
Frederic  B.  Jennings,  Charles  B.  Merrill. 

Audit  of  Accounts. — C.  E.  Merrill,  chairman;  Otto  T.  Bannard,  Robert 
S.  Brewster. 

Committee  on  Appeals. — James  M.  Whiton,  chairman;  Miss  Ella  Mabel 
Clark,  Miss  Teresa  O'Donohue. 

Committee  on  Advice  and  Information. — ^Robert  S.  Brewster,  chairman; 
W.  Kirkpatrick  Brice,  John  E.  Eustis,  James  H.  Gannon,  Ed- 
ward S.  Harkness,  Mrs.  H.  O.  Taylor. 

Committee  on  Employment  Bureau  for  the  Handicapped. — Dr.  T.  C. 
Janeway,  chairman ;  W.  Frank  Persons,  secretary ;  Dr.  Russell 
A,  Hibbs,  Miss  Clara  Irwin,  Mrs.  P.  J.  O'Connell,  W.  Holden 
Weeks,  Francis  M.  Weld. 

Committee  on  Joint  Application  Bureau. — Leonard  E.  Opdycke,  chair- 
man; Edward  T.  Devine,  Johnston  de  Forest,  Philip  J.  Mc- 
Cook,  Robert  Brudre,  R.  G.  Welling. 


DISTRICT  COMMITTEES 

Greenwich. — Charles  L.  McBurney,  chairman  and  C.  C.  delegate; 
Abbott  Brown,  secretary;  Miss  C.  S.  Barry,  Miss  Elizabeth  Bartholow, 
Dr.  J.  N.  Beekman,  Miss  C.  E.  Boardman,  William  FitzPatrick,  E.  C. 
Henderson,  Rev.  W.  N.  Hubbell,  Rev.  Wm.  Irvin,  Miss  Louise  Scott, 
Mrs.  V.  G.  Simkhovitch. 

Corlears. — B.  Ogden  Chisolm,  chairman;  J.  H.  Hamilton,  vice- 
chairman;  Miss  Gertrude  Day,  secretary;  Rev.  Orrin  G.  Cocks,  C.  C. 
delegate;  Henry  Solomon,  delegate  to  the  Committee  on  District  Work; 
Mrs.  S.  D.  Brewer,  Miss  Annette  Boardman,  Miss  L.  S.  Caldwell,  Vin- 
cent Ciocia,  Miss  C.  Clendenning,  Miss  Laura  J.  Edwards,  Mrs.  Oliver 
Fiske,  Mrs.  J.  E.  Grote  Higgens,  Miss  M.  Ireland,  Frank  E.  Karelson, 
T.  G.  Meagher,  J.  O'Connor,  Mrs.  J.  L.  Parks,  Miss  E.  S.  Williams. 

Chelsea. — W.  Holden  Weeks,  chairman  and  C.  C.  delegate;  Rev. 
T.  H.  Sill,  vice-chairman;  W.  H.  Church,  secretary;  Rev.  James  Palmer, 
delegate  to  the  Committee  on  District  Work;  Mrs.  Robert  Clarkson, 
Horace  Clute,  Rev.  Robert  Courtenay,  Miss  L.  V.  Day,  Miss  O.  Elliott, 
Mrs.  R.  Hoffman,  Miss  W.  Ives,  Miss  A.  M.  Kohlsaat,  Miss  A.  H.  Lusk, 
Mrs.  D.  Maloney,  Mrs.  W.  E.  Maynard,  Rev.  S.  S.  Mitchell,  Miss  Neilson, 
Miss  E.  C.  Smith,  Dr.  E.  F.  Smith,  Richard  Treacy. 

Gramercy. — Walter  Large,  chairman;  Dr.  S.  H.  Oppenheimer,  vice- 
chairman;    Benjamin    Welles,    secretary       and    C.    C.    delegate;    Miss 


22%  committees:    1907 

Teresa  O'Donohue,  delegate  to  the  Committee  on  District  Work; 
Charles  Wheeler  Barnes,  Miss  Helen  S.  Bradley,  Alfred  Busselle,  Mrs. 
R.  C.  Cornell,  Miss  A.  B.  Evans,  Dr.  Forbes  Hawkes,  Mrs.  Archer  Hunt- 
ington, Miss  M.  E.  Kelly,  Mrs.  Walter  Large,  Charles  E.  Merrill,  Dr. 
C.  G.  Miller,  Mrs.  C.  G.  Miller,  Miss  H.  S.  Nichols,  Mrs.  J.  F.  Tarns, 
Mrs.  George  Waddington. 

Hudson. — L.  Laflin  Kellogg,  chairman;  Frederick  Nathan,  secretary 
and  C.  C.  delegate;  Miss  E.  D.  More'wood,  delegate  to  the  Committee 
on  District  Work;  Dr.  A.  W.  Baird,  Barclay  W.  Bradley,  Dr.  Edward 
M.  Foote,  Mrs.  F.  H.  Giddings,  Mrs.  L.  Hunter,  Mrs.  Charles  H.  Israels, 
Mrs.  E.  Jacobs,  Mrs.  T.  Kelly,  Dr.  T.  W.  Kilmer,  C.  F.  McKenna,. 
Mrs.  C.  F.  McKenna,  Dr.  Alice  F.  Leader,  Rev.  Royal  R.  Miller,  Mrs. 
M.  C.  Moore,  Mrs.  A.  P.  Morewood,  W.  Morgan,  John  J.  Pulleyn,  Miss 
L.  Seaman,  Rev.  George  Strong,  Rev.  Everett  Waterhouse,  Dr.  W.  E. 
West,  A.  R.  Wolff. 

Kips  Ba.y. — Dr.  S.  F.  Hallock,  chairman  and  C.  C.  delegate;  Miss  H. 
Lauterbach,  secretary;  Orin  Baker,  J.  F.  Boyle,  C.'W.  Brazer,  Miss  B. 
.B.  CoUes,  Dr.  Martin  Downey,  Joseph  Everard,  Miss  Agnes  L.  Gifford, 
Miss  E.  L.  Haines,  Miss  J.  A.  Hunt,  Mrs.  Augustus  Jay,  Miss  A.  B. 
Jennings,  Miss  L.  L.  Kane,  Mrs.  Alexander  Lambert,  Mrs.  Frederic 
S.  Lee,  Rev.  H.  G.  Mendenhall,  Mrs.  P.  J.  O'Connell,  Dr.  L.  H.  Shearer. 
Visitation  Committee. — Mrs.  Alexander  Lambert,  chairman;  Miss  K. 
B.  Lockwood,  secretary;  Miss  Minnie  Friedman,  Miss  Helen  Lauter- 
bach, Mrs.  Frederic  S.  Lee,  Miss  Gertrude  O'Connor,  Miss  Williams. 

Riverside. — Robert  S.  Brewster,  chairman  and  C.  C.  delegate;  Prof. 
Wm.  P.  Trent,  vice-chairman;  B.  W.  Bradley,  secretary;  Mrs.  A.  M. 
Donelle,  Rev.  D.  Griffiths-Baines,  Mrs.  Edgar  J.  Levey,  Dr.  M.  P. 
Petrie,  Mrs.  Jas.  H.  Robinson,  Miss  Henrietta  Rodman,  Miss  Amy 
Schussler,  Mrs.  N.  P.  Schwerin,  Prof.  J.  T.  Shotwell,  Prof.  D.  S.  Snedden. 
Friendly  Visitors. — Miss  S.  P.  Barnes,  Mrs.  A.  M.  Donelle,  Mrs.  E.  M. 
Fowler,  Miss  Kate  Fowler,  Mrs.  Harris,  Miss  E.  G.  Herzfeld,  Miss 
G.  S.  King,  Miss  Agnes  Opdyke,  Dr.  M.  P.  Petrie,  Miss  A.  H.  Rankin,. 
Mrs.  N.  P.  Schwerin,  Miss  M.  Speed,  Mrs.  S.  E.  Tenney,  Miss  Valentine. 

YoRKviLLE. — Harris  E.  Adriance,  chairman  and  C.  C.  delegate;  Red- 
mond Keating,  vice-chairman;  J.  S.  Roberts,  second  vice-chairman; 
Mrs.  E.  E.  Dreyfous,  secretary;  Miss  E.  M.  Clark,  delegate  to  Committee 
on  District  work;  Miss  M.  Anderson,  Mrs.  William  Arnold,  Mrs.  Jas.  \. 
Burden,  Jr.,  Miss  Clara  Byrnes,  assistant  secretary;  Mrs.  Charles  M. 
Clark,  Mrs.  E.  M.  Clark,  Mrs.  J.  Wray  Cleveland,  J.  I.  Daly,  Miss  S.  B. 
Dodd,  Hamilton  R.  Fairfax,  Ralph  Folks,  Miss  Margaret  W.  Hall,  Mrs. 
B.  Johnson,  Thomas  Kelly,  Dr.  Emil  Kober,  J.  Meehan,  J.  A.  McGrath, 
Dr.  I.  L.  Nascher,  Miss  M.  S.  Pullman,  J.  E.  T.  Rutter,  Mrs.  H.  O.  Taylor, 
Miss  M.  deG.  Trenholm,  Mrs.  E.  P.  Wheeler,  Rev.  G.  S.  White,  Mrs. 
A.  T.  Whittle,  F.  A.  Wilcox.  Visitation  Committee.— Miss  E.  M.  Clark, 
chairman;  Mrs.  H.  O.  Taylor,  Miss  M.  Anderson,  Mrs.  Wm.  Arnold, 
Mrs.  C.  M.  Clark,  Mrs.  E.  M.  Clark,  Miss  S.  B.  Dodd,  Miss  Margaret  W. 
Hall,  Miss  M.  S.  Pullman,  Miss  M.  de  G.  Trenholm,  Mrs.  A.  T.  Whittle. 


committees:    1907  229 

Harlem. — Dr.  Jas.  M.  Whiton,  chairman  and  C.  C.  delegate;  Dr. 
Geo.  H.  Godson,  secretary;-  Joseph  W.  Brunt,  Dr.  Geo.  T.  Chase,  Dr. 
Chas.  A.  Clinton,  Mrs.  Jas.  D.  Cumming,  Frank  P.  Cunnion,  Mrs.  Eugene 
Curtis,  Sister  Rose  Dittrich,  Miss  S.  H.  Ford,  Miss  Emma  Haendle, 
Dr.  Edward  W.  Hall,  Edward  E.  Jones,  Rev.  Jas.  L.  Lasher,  George  C. 
Lay,  Mrs.  Chas.  H.  MacLean,  Mrs.  Malcolm  McLean,  J.  N.  Martin,  Miss 
Ellen  S.  Marvin,  Mrs.  J.  McCauIey,  Dr.  Edward  W.  Perkins,  Miss  Mildred 
Pew,  Maurice  G.  Power,  Elmore  B.  Sanborn,  Mrs.  Elmore  E.  Sanborn, 
Rev.  J.  F.  Scott,  Mrs.  Geo.  A.  Spalding,  Miss  Frances  Stevens,  Mrs. 
Henry  W.  Troy,  Dr.  David  W.  Tovey,  Mrs.  Justis  N.  Williams,  Mrs. 
Frances  J.  Worcester. 

Bronx. — A.  E.  Davis,  acting  chairman  and  C.  C.  delegate;  Mrs.  H. 
Stanley  Taylor,  secretary;  Mrs.  Ira  G.  Lane,  delegate  to  the  Committee 
on  District  Work;  John  E.  Barry,  Mrs.  C.  B.  Chave,  A.  P.  Dienst,  Miss 
Harriet  Forbes,  Eugene  G.  Gwyre,  Mrs.  W.  F.  Johnes,  Miss  Harriet  M. 
Johnson,  Mrs.  Charles  B.  Lawson,  Lawrence  Leib,  Dr.  S.  C.  Minor, 
Mrs.  J.  Pennington,  J.  T.  Smith,  Olin  J.  Stephens,  Miss  Julia  Stephen- 
son, James  Tomkins,  Miss  E.  Tracy,  Miss  Helen  Twigg. 


Staff  of  the 

Charity    Organization    Society 

October,  1907 


STAFF  or  THE  CHARITY  ORGANIZATION  SOCIETY 
OCTOBER,  1907 

The  date  after  each  name  indicates  the  year  of  original  connection  with  tlie  Society 


geni:ral  offices 

edward  t.  devine.  .  .  1896 general  secretary 

Cornell  College,  B.A.  1887,  M.A.  1890,  LL.D.  1904;  Univ.  of 
Halle,    1890-91;    Univ.    of    Pa.,    Ph.D.    1895. 

Editor  Charities,  1897 — ;  director  N.  Y.  School  of  Philan- 
thropy, 1904-07. 

President  N.  C.  C.  C,  1906;  special  representative  of  the  Amer- 
ican National  Red  Cross  in  charge  of  San  Francisco  relief, 
April-July,    1906. 

Schiff  Professor  of  Social  Economy,  Columbia  University, 
1905 — ;  president  Section  V,  International  Congress  on 
Tuberculosis,  1908;  member  board  of  directors  National 
Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis, 
National  Child  Labor  Committee,  Co-operative  Social  Set- 
tlement Society. 

Author  of  Economics,  The  Practice  of  Charity,  The  Principles 
of  Relief,  EflSiciency  and  Relief,  editorials  in  Charities, 
conference  papers,  and  magazine  articles. 

EMILY   J.   ADAMS.  .  .  189I  ....  .SECRETARY  TO   THE   GEN'l  SECV 

Stenographer,    Central   Office,   1891-1901,    1904-7. 

W.   FRANK   PERSONS.  .  .  IQOO .ASSISTANT    SECRETARY 

Cornell  College,  Ph.B.  1900;   Harvard  Law  School,  LL.B.  1905. 

Assistant    editor    Charities.    1900-2;    assistant     secretary, 

September,   1902,  January,   1907 — . 
Assistant  secretary  N.  C.  C.  C,  1903,  N.  Y.  State  Conference, 

1902. 
N.  C.  C.  C.  Committee  on  Needy  Families,   1908;    Committee 

on  Exhibition  of  Congestion;  resident  Greenwich  House. 

BESSIE  S.  o'cONNOR.  .  .  I903.  .  .  .SECRETARY  TO  THE  ASS't  SEC'Y 

Stenographer:  Investigation  Bureau,  1903;  Chelsea  District, 
1903-05;  Riverside  District,  1905-06;  School  of  Philan- 
thropy,   1906;    Central   Office,    1907. 


234  STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY 

LOUISE  F.  FORD   (mRS.)  .  .  .  1888 RECEPTION  AGENT 

Assistant  reception  agent,  1888-90;  agent  Fourth  District,  1890- 

91;    reception  agent,   1898 — . 
Reception  agent  and  supervisor  of    visitors,   The    Association 

for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor,  1891-98. 

FLORENCE   MASTERTON  .  .  .  1895 ASS't  RECEPTION   AGENT 

Identification   clerk.   Registration   Bureau,   1895-1907. 

IDA  SCHICKLER.  .  .  I905 STENOGRAPHER 

Stenographer,    Registration    Bureau,    1905-07. 


SARAH  F.  BURROWS.  .  .  1555. SUPERVISOR  OF  CASE- WORK 

Graduate    Indiana    State   Normal    School. 

Assistant  agent  Sixth  District,  1888-93;  agent  Eighth  (Hud- 
son) District,  1893-1907;  San  Francisco  relief  work,  July 
and  August,  1906;  acting  investigating  agent,  June-Sep- 
tember, 1907;   supervisor  of  case-work.  May,  1907 — . 

LILIAN    BRANDT.*.  .  I902 SECRETARY,    BUREAU   OF    STATISTICS 

Wellesley,  B.A.  1895,  M.A.  1901;  N.  Y.  School  of  Philan- 
thropy, 1902. 

Statistician  Committee  on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis, 
1902-4;   secretary  Committee  on  Social  Research,  1905 — . 

Secretary  Section  V,  International  Congress  on  Tuberculosis, 
1908;  member  N.  C.  C.  C.  Committee  on  Statistics, 
1905 — ;  Advisory  Committee  of  the  Alliance  Employ- 
ment Bureau. 

Author  of  Social  Aspects  of  Tuberculosis,  The  National  Tuber- 
culosis Directory,  Family  Desertion,  conference  papers, 
and  articles  in  Charities  and  other  magazines. 

ETHEL  M.  DIXON.  .  .  I905  .  .  .ASSISTANT,  BUREAU  OF  STATISTICS 
Wellesley,  B.A.  1903;  N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1905. 

REGINA     o'rOURKE.  .  .  I907 STENOGRAPHER 

ORLANDO  FAULKLAND  LEWIS.  .  .  I905  .  .  .  SEC'y  FINANCE  COMMITTEE 

Tufts  College,  B.A.  1895,  M.A.  1897;  Univ.  of  Pa.,  Ph.D.  1900; 
N.   Y.    School   of  Philanthropy,    1905. 

Superintendent    Joint    Application    Bureau,    1905-07. 

Chairman  N.  Y.  State  Conference  Committee  on  Vagrancy 
and  Homelessness,  1907;  member  N.  C.  C.  C.  Committee 
on  State  Supervision,  1908;  assistant  secretary.  Mayor's 
Hospital  Commission,  1907 — ;  lecturer,  public  lecture  sys- 
tem of  N.  Y.  Board  of  Education,  1905 — . 

Author  of  Vagrancy  in  the  United  States,  conference  papers, 
and    magazine    articles    on    social    subjects. 


STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY 


235 


W.  B.  HARTE  (MRS.)  .  .  .  1 889. ASS^T,  BUREAU  OF  APPEALS 

Assistant   to   Cejitral    Office   agent,   1889-93;    assistant,   Appli- 
cation  Bureau,  1893-94;    assistant  registrar,  1894-1907. 

HARRIET  L.  ALTON.  .  .  I9OI  .  .  .  .ASSISTANT,  BUREAU  OF  APPEALS 

Clerk;  Library  and  office  of  Charities,  1901-2;  Cashier's  office, 
1902-07. 

CATHARINE     WHITTAKER.  .  .  I907 STENOGRAPHER 

ALOYSE  B.  STRICKLAND.  .  .  I903 CASHIER 

Assistant  Cashier,  1903-07. 

CHARLOTTE   H.    MOORE.  .  .  I9OI ASSISTANT   CASHIER 

Clerk,  Cashier's  office,  1901-07. 

ISABELLE     GRAHAM  .  .  .  I907 MESSENGER 

PAUL  LEROY  VOGT .  .  .  I907 AGENT  BUREAU   OF   SUPPLIES 

Univ.  of  Chicago,  B.A.  1903;   Univ.  of  Pa.,  Ph.D.  1907. 
Resident,     Gordon     House     and     People's    Home     Settlement, 
1904-05. 

CLARA  MORTON.  .  .  1 90.3 ASSISTANT  IN  CENTRAL  OFFICE 

Clerk,     Joint    Application    Bureau,    1903-04;     Central     Office, 
1904—. 

MARY    E.    DAVID    (mRS.)  .  .  .  I903 EDITOR    CHARITIES   DIRECTORY 

N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1904. 

EDNA  MORTON  .  .  .  I905 TELEPHONE  OPERATOR 

Clerk,  Registration  Bureau,  1905;   Central  Office,  1906 — . 

ESTELLE   D.    BARIT  .  .  .  I907 MULTIGRAPH    OPERATOR 

ELIZABETH    KELLER.  .  .  I907 MESSENGER,    CENTRAL   OFFICE 

JOSEPH   O'CONNOR.  .  .  I907 MESSENGER,    CENTRAL   OFFICE 


BUREAU    or    ADVICE   AND    INFORMATION 

W.   FRANK  PERSONS SECRETARY 

See  page  233. 

A.  R.  SCHORER .  .  .  I907 INVESTIGATOR 

University  of  Wisconsin,  B.A.  1906;  N.  Y.  School  of  Philan- 
thropy,  1906-07. 

Bureau  of  Supplies,  May-August,  1907. 

Agent  The  Organized  Charities  Society,  New  Rochelle,  1906-07. 

Resident  Union  Settlement;  secretary  The  Organized  Chari- 
ties Society  of  New  Rochelle. 


236  •  STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY 

MABEL    N.    ISAAC.  .  .  I9OO STENOGRAPHER 

Stenographer,  Investigation  Bureau,  1900-07. 

HELEN  F.  MARTIN  .  .  .  I904 CLERK 

Clerk,  Mendicancy  Bureau,  1904-07. 


DEPARTMENT   FOR   THE   IMPROVEMENT    OF   SOCIAL 
CONDITIONS 

LAWRENCE    VEILLER  .  .  .  1898 DIRECTOR 

College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  B.A.  1890. 

Visitor  Investigation  Bureau,  1898;  assistant  agent  and  agent 
First  District,  1898;  secretary  Tenement  House  Com- 
mittee, 1898-1900,  1901-02,  1904;  director  Department  for 
the  Improvement  of  Social  Conditions,  1907 — . 

Secretary  N.  Y.  State  Tenement  House  Commission,  1900-01; 
first  deputy-commissioner  N.  Y.  City  Tenement  House 
Department,    1902-03;    secretary  N.  Y.   City  Club,   1904-07. 

Member  board  of  directors,  Metropolitan  Parks  Association, 
Playground  Association  of  America;  member  Advisory 
Committee,  Alliance  Employment  Bureau. 

Publications:  The  Tenement  House  Problem  (co-author);  First 
Report  of  the  Tenement  House  Department  of  the  City  of 
New  York;  various  reports  and  articles. 

MINA   L.    ACTON.  .  .  IQOI SECRETARY   TO   THE   DIRECTOR 

N.  Y.   School  of  Philanthropy,  1901;    1903-04. 
Assistant    reception    agent,    1901-04;     office    assistant,    Depart- 
ment for  the   Improvement  of   Social   Conditions,   1907 — . 
Statistical  work  for  the  Federation  of  Churches  and  the  Ten- 
ement   House   Commission,    1898-1901;    assistant    in    office 
of  the  secretary  of  the  City  Club,  1904-07. 

KATHRYN  M.  CONSIDINE.  .  .  I907 ' STENOGRAPHER 

JAMES    FORBES.  .  1898 SPECIAL   AGENT,    COM.    ON    MENDICANCY 

Visitor  Investigation  Bureau,  1898;  assistant  agent.  First  Dis- 
trict, 1898-99,  agent  1899-1901;  special  officer  Committee 
on  Mendicancy,  1901-02;  special  agent,  Mendicancy  Bu- 
reau, 1902-1907.     Special  investigator,  Pittsburg  Survey. 

EMILY  WAYLAND  DINWIDDIE.  .  .  I9OI  .  .  .  SEC'y  TENEM't  HOUSE  COM. 

Peace  Collegiate  Institute,  B.A.  1898;  N.  Y.  School  of  Philan- 
thropy, 1901;   graduate  work,  Univ  of  Pa.,  1903-04. 

Visitor  Investigation  Bureau,  assistant  district  agent  and 
acting  agent,  1901-02;  editor  Charities  Directory  for  1903; 
assistant  secretary  Tenement  House  Committee,  1904-5; 
secretary,   1905 — . 


STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY  237 

Investigator,  N.  J.  State  Bd.  of  Children's  Guardians,  1900-01; 
inspector  and  assistant  in  First  Deputy  Commissioner's 
office.  Tenement  House  Department,  1903;  special  investi- 
gator for  Octavia  Hill   Association,  Philadelphia,  1903-04. 

Author  of  The  Tenants'  Manual,  Housing  Conditions  in  Phila- 
delphia, articles  in  Charities  and  other  magazines. 

THi:    COMMITTEE    ON    THE    PRUVEINTION     OF 
TUBERCULOSIS 

PAUL   KENNADAY.  .  .  I903 SECRETARY 

Yale,  B.  A.  1895;  N.  Y.  Law  School,  LL.B.  1897. 
Board  of  managers,  Greenwich  House  and  Northern  Dispen- 
sary; Committees  of  the  Metropolitan  Parks  Association, 
The  Consumers'  League,  The  Exhibition  of  Congestion; 
treasurer  Inter-collegiate  Socialist  Society;  chairman  So- 
ciological Section,  National  Association  for  the  Study  and 
Prevention  of  Tuberculosis,  1907;  secretary  Section  V,  In- 
ternational Congress  on  Tuberculosis,  1908. 

FRANK  A.  MANN.  .  .  I905 ASSISTANT  SECRETARY 

Hampden  Sidney  College,  B.A.  1903;   M.A.  1904. 
Visitor  Joint  Application  Bureau,  1905-OG;   assistant  secretary 
Committee  on  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis,  1906 — . 

GENEVIEVE  WILSON  .  .  .  I906 VISITING  NURSE 

Graduate   St.  Luke's  Hospital  Training  School,  Denver,  1897: 

three  years'  study  in  Europe. 
Red  Cross  nurse  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  during  the  Spanish- 
American  War;  army  nurse  at  Chickamauga,  Ga.,  Manila, 
P.  I.,  Nagasaki,  Japan,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Fort  Bayard, 
N.  M.,  1897-1902;  sanitary  inspector  for  the  Civic  Sani- 
tation Association  of  the  Oranges,  N.  J.,  1902-03. 
Resident  Warren  Goddard  House,  1906 — ;  visiting  nurse  Tuber- 
culosis clinic,  Bellevue  Out-Patient  Department,  1906-. 

JAS.    JENKINS,   JR..  .  I907.  .  .  .SUPERVISOR  EXHIBITS  AND  LECTURES 
Univ.  of  Mich.,   1894;    Zurich,   1903;    N.  Y.   School   of  Philan- 
thropy, 1906-07. 
Resident  Greenwich  House,  1906 — . 

ETHEL  G.  DORAN  .  .  .  I906 STENOGRAPHER 

Stenographer,  Central  Office  and  Gramercy  District,  1906-07. 

MILDRED    E.    KEATING  .  .  .  I907 CLERK 

HELEN   SMITH    (mRS.)  .  .  .  I907 SUPERINTENDENT  DAY   CAMP 

State  registered  nurse;  head  nurse  Roosevelt  Hospital,  1904-07. 

JOHN  MARTIN  CAESAR.  .  .  I907 CLERK  DAY  CAMP 


238  STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY 

JOINT    APPLICATION    BUREAU* 

CHARLES    K.    BLATCHLY SUPERINTENDENT 

FREDERICK    LUNDBERG.  .  .  1888 NIGHT    AGENT 

Superintendent  Wood-Yard,  1889-90;-  assistant  agent  and  agent 
Third  District,  1890-91;  agent  First  District,  1891-93; 
superintendent  Joint  Application  Bureau,  1893;  night 
agent,  1893—. 

Officer  of  The  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Chil- 
dren, 1876-87. 

LOUISA    HELENA    PIECHA.  .  .  1897 ASSISTANT    SUPERINTENDENT 

Interviewer,  1897-1904;  acting  assistant  superintendent,  1904- 
06;  assistant  superintendent,  1906-7;  acting  superin- 
tendent, October,  1907. 

MYRA  A.   KETCHAM.  .  .  I903 INTERVIEWER  AND   STENOGRAPHER 

CARRIE  W.   MCKENZIE.  .  I905  .  .  .  .INTERVIEWER  AND  STENOGRAPHER 
CHARLOTTE  M.  PFEIFFER .  .  .  IQ06 INTERVIEWER  AND  STENOG'R 

Stenographer,  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the 
Poor,   1905. 

BERKELEY  GREENE  TOBEY .  .  .  I906 VISITOR 

N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1907. 

Cashier,   Charity  Organization   Society.  1906-07. 

HENRY  VAN  ZAND.  .  .  I904 .HOLIDAY  AGENT 

Slocum  Relief  work,  1904;  Visitor  Investigation  Bureau,  1904- 
05;  assistant  Mendicancy  Bureau,  1905-06;  special  agent. 
Joint  Application  Bureau,   1905 — . 

LAURETTA  TOBEN  .  .  .  I906 MESSENGER 

REGISTRATION    BUREAU 

ELLA  I.  SCOTT .  .  .  1882 .  .  ; REGISTRAR 

Clerk,  1882-88;  registrar,  1888—. 

N.  Y.  State  Conference  Committee  on  Care  of  the  Poor  In 
their  Homes,  1907. 

KATHERINE  B.   MARKS.  .  .  1882 IDENTIFICATION   CLERK 

ELIZABETH   HAUFF.  .  .  I905 IDENTIFICATION   CLERK 

Stenographer,  1905-06;   identification  clerk,  1906—^. 
*See  Page  84. 


STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY  239 

LOUISE  B.  LAMBERT .  .  .  I906 CLERK 

DANELLA  SUTHERLAND.  .  .  I906 CLERK 

TERESA  PORTER  .  .  .  I905 CLERK 

ANNA  M.  WAITE.  .  .  I907 CLERK 

ROBERT     MCCARTHY.  .  .  I906 CLERK 

O.B.  HERVEY.  .  .  I905 DISTRICT   MESSENGER 

Office  man,  1905-06;   bookkeeper,  Laundry,  1906-07. 

INVEISTIGATION    BUREAU 

EDITH   L.  JARDINE.  .  .  I904 INVESTIGATING  AGENT 

N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1903-04,  1904-05. 

Visitor   Investigation   Bureau,   1904-05;    agent   Bronx   District, 

1905-07. 
Settlement  and  church  work  in  London  for  two  years;  assist- 
ant agent,  Brooklyn  Bureau  of  Charities,  1902-04. 


JOHN   H.  ROBB  .  .  .  IO95 VISITOR 

Visitor:  Investigation  Bureau,  1898-1900,  1904 — ;  Committee  on 
Dependent  Children,  1900-03;  emergency  relief  in  Pater- 
son,  N.  J.,  1903;  Slocum  Relief  work,  1904;  assistant  agent 
First  District,  1904. 

LULU  VITTOZZI   (mRS.)  .  .  .  1899 INTERPRETER  AND  VISITOR 

JESSIE  C.  SLEET.  .  .  I9OO. .NURSE  AND  VISITOR 

Graduate  Provident  Hospital,  Chicago,  1896. 

Advisory  Board,  Hope  Day  Nursery  for  Colored  Children. 

BESSIE  DE   ROSTER.  .  .  IQOO VISITOR 

N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1903-04. 

Visitor    Investigation    Bureau,   1900-03;    assistant   agent    First 

and  Ninth  Districts,  1903-04;     Slocum  Relief    work,  1904; 

Investigation  Bureau,  1904 — . 
Board    of    Managers    N.    Y.    Magdalen    Benevolent    Socieity, 

chairman    Guardian    Committee;     girls'    club    and    other 

social  work  in  connection  with  Vermilye  Chapel. 

ADELAIDE  JANSSEN    (  MRS.)  .  .  .  I904 VISITOR 

HELEN    G.    TIMKO    (mRS.)  .  .  .  I905 INTERPRETER   AND  VISITOR 

N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,   1907. 

Settlement  work  in  connection  with  East  Side  House  and  Nor- 
mal College  Alumnae  House. 


240  STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY 

ALICE  MOORE  WICKENDEN.  .  .  I907 VISITOR 

N.  Y.  School  Of  Philanthropy,  1907. 

ROBERTA  HOKE.KER.  .  .  I907 VISITOR 

N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1907. 

Investigator,  Department  for  the  Improvement  of  Social  Con- 
ditions, August,  1907. 

LYDIA  ELLISON  SAYER .  .  .  IQO/ VISITOR 

Vassar,  B.A.  1907;  N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1907. 

KATHARINE     KIRCHHERR  .  .  .  I902 CLERK 

FANNY    GERTRUDE    EARLE.  .  .  I902 STENOGRAPHER 

Stenographer:  First  District,  1902-04;  Greenwich  District, 
1904-05;  Mendicancy  Bureau,  1905;  Investigation  Bureau, 
1905—. 

MAE   E.    HULSE.  .  .  I907 STENOGRAPHER 

ADOLPHINE    SONNEBORN.  .  .  I907 STENOGRAPHER 


THE   DISTRICTS 

EMMA  A.  MCCUTCHEON   (MRS.)  .  .  .  189I  .  .  .AGENT  GREENWICH  DIST. 
Visitor   and    substitute   assistant    agent,   1891;    agent   Second 
(Greenwich)   District,  July,  1891 — . 

SOPHIE  PALMER  FOO TE  .  .  .  I906 ASSISTANT   AGENT 

Visitor  Investigation  Bureau,  1906-07;  assistant  agent  Hudson 

District,  1907. 
Club  Work,  Union  Settlement. 

FLORENCE  LEE    (mRS.)  .  .  .  I907 NURSe' 

See  page  241. 

ROMA     GIANNINI.  .  .  I906 STENOGRAPHER 

A.  M.  DECKER.  .  .  1892 AGENT  CORLEARS  DISTRICT 

N.  Y.   School  of  Philanthropy,  1903-04. 

Assistant   agent   Third   District,    1892-94;    agent   Third    (Cor- 
lears)  District,  1894—. 

ALDA  L.   ARMSTRONG.  .  .  I907. ASSISTANT   AGENT 

N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1907. 

Assistant  agent,  Baltimore  Charity  Organization  Society,  1905- 
07;    resident  Lawrence   House,  Baltimore,   1904-07. 


STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY  24 1 

JULIA    G.    HANNAN  .  .  .  I907 NURSE 

State  registered  nurse;  graduate  Presbyterian  Hospital  Train- 
ing School,  1907. 

KATHRYN  V.  ROTCHFORD.  .  .  I903 STENOGRAPHER 

Messenger,    Registration    Bureau,    1903;     stenographer,    1905; 

stenographer,    Corlears    District,    1906 — . 
Stenographer,  St.  John's  Guild,  1906. 

ELIZA   FISHER.  .  .  1884 '  .AGENT   CHELSEA  DISTRICT 

Assistant  agent.  Second,  Eighth,  Fifth,  and  Tenth  Districts, 
1884-85;    agent  Sixth    (Chelsea)    District,   1885—. 

Reformatory  and  church  work,  and  private  almoner,  previous 
to   1884. 


NELLY  GRATTAN   MORTON.  .  .  I907 ASSISTANT  AGENT 

Univ.  of  Tennessee,  B.S.  1900;   N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy, 

1907. 
Visitor  Investigation  Bureau,  1907. 
Visitor  Brooklyn  Bureau  of  Charities,  1907. 
Resident  Warren  Goddard  House. 

MARY    EMMA    CAMERON  .  .  .  I906 NURSE 

State  registered  nurse;    Graduate  Bellevue  Hospital  Training 

School,  1886. 
Associate  editor,  American  Journal  of  Nursing,  1905 — . 

ALICE    I.    DUNDAS.  .  .  I906 STENOGRAPHER 

MINERVA  D.   HENRY.  .  .  1 889 AGENT  GRAMERCY  DISTRICT 

N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1903-04. 

Assistant  agent  Tenth  District,  1889-91;  agent  Fifth 
(Gramercy)    District,  1891 — . 

EDNA   J.   WAKEFIELD.  .  .  I907 ASSISTANT   AGENT 

Adelphi  College;   N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1906-07. 

FLORENCE    LEE     (mRS.)  .  .  .  I907 NURSE 

State  registered  nurse;  graduate  Episcopal  Hospital,  Philadel- 
phia, 1892. 

Nurse,  Lakeside  Hospital,  Cleveland,  1898-1900;  dietitian,  N.  Y. 
City  Department  of  Public  Charities,  1901-06. 

CLARA    E.    KNECHT.  .  ,  I907 STENOGRAPHER 


242  STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY 

ANNE  STUART  BUSSELL .  .  .  I904 AGENT   HUDSON  DISTRICT 

State  registered  nurse;  graduate  Newton  (Mass.)  Hospital 
Training  School,  1893;  N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy, 
1907. 

Nurse,  Hudson  District,  1904-07. 

Head  nurse:  Presbyterian  Hospital,  1893-99;  operating 
pavilion,  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  1900-01; 
emergency  ward,  matron  of  dispensary  and  teacher,  Pres- 
byterian  Hospital,   1901-04. 

Secretary,  Association  of  Graduate  Nurses  of  Manhattan  and 
Bronx;  chairman.  Committee  on  Lectures  and  Papers, 
N.   Y.   County   Nurses'  Association. 

Author  of  articles  in  The  American  Journal  of  Nursing. 

OLIVE    CROSBY.  .  .  I906 ASSISTANT    AGENT 

Visitor    Investigation   Bureau,   1906;    assistant   agent   Chelsea 

District,   1906-07. 
Social  work  in  connection  with  the  Church  of  the  Ascension, 

Boston,  previous  to  1906.  1 

MAUDE     WILSON.  .  .  I906 STENOGRAPHER 

liRANCES   ENSWORTH    HUBBELL.  ..  I90I  ..  AGENT    KIPS   BAY   DISTRICT 

Visitor  Investigation  Bureau,  1901-02;  assistant  agent  Eighth 
District,  1902-03;   agent  Kips  Bay  District,  1905—. 

Assistant  superintendent  N.  Y.  State  Training  School  for 
Girls,  at    Hudson,  1903-05. 

Author  of  newspaper  articles. 

SARA  THURSTON  DISSOSWAY.  .  .  I907 ASSISTANT  AGENT 

N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1906. 

Resident,  Trained  Christian  Helpers,  Brooklyn,  1904-06; 
visitor,   Brooklyn   Bureau   of  Charities,   1906-07. 

MAY  A.  CARDOZA  .  .  .  I905 STENOGRAPHER 


CAROLINE    GOODYEAR.  .  .  I599 AGENT    RIVERSIDE    DISTRICT 

(On  leave  of  absence  in  1907-08,  holding  a  research  fellow- 
ship in  the  N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy.) 

N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1901;  afternoon  course,  1903-04; 
special   investigation,   1905;    fellow,   1907-08. 

Visitor,  Investigation  Bureau,  1899;  assistant  agent  Ninth 
District,  1899-1900;  agent  Fourth  District,  1900-04,  River- 
side District,  1905—. 

Report  on  Habits  in  Regard  to  the  Purchase  and  Management 
of  Food  in  Tenement  Families;  paper,  The  Standard  of 
Living,  N.  Y.  State  Conference,  1906. 


STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY  243 

MARY  BROWN  SUMNER.  .  .  I906 ACTING  AGENT 

Barnard  College,  B.A.  1900;   graduate  work,  Columbia  Univ., 

1905-06;  N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1906. 
Assistant  agent  Riverside  District,  1906-07. 

ADA    H.    RANKIN.  .  .  I907 ASSISTANT    AGENT 

Graduate  Cincinnati  Kindergarten  Training  School,  1898;  N. 
Y.   School  of  Philanthropy,  1906-07. 

Assistant  agent  Greenwich  District,  June-August,  1907. 

Director  of  kindergarten,  1898-1906;  resident  Jewish  settle- 
ment, 1904-06;  supervisor  Vacation  School,  1906;  in  Cin- 
cinnati. 

LILLIAN    A.    COLGAN.  .  .  I906 STENOGRAPHER 

FRANCES  P.  STRICKLAND   (mRS.)  .  .  .  189O.  .  .AGENT  YORKVILLE  DIST. 

Clerk  and  visitor.  Registration  Bureau  and  several  districts, 
1890;  assistant  agent  Second  District,  1890;  clerk,  Regis- 
tration Bureau,  1890-91;  agent  First  District,  1891,  Third 
District,  1891-93;  senior  assistant  Application  Bureau, 
1893-95;  agent.  Joint  Application  Bureau,  1895-96,  deputy 
superintendent,  1896-97,  superintendent,  1897-1904;  agent 
Yorkville  District,  1904 — . 

W.  C.  T.  U.  work  previous  to  1890. 

EDITH   A.   PUNNETT.  .  .  I906 ASSISTANT   AGENT 

Visitor  Investigation  Bureau,  1906;  assistant  agent  Yorkville 
District,  1906—. 

ANNA    R.    ROBINSON.  .  .  I903 STENOGRAPHER 

HELEN    M.    PATTERSON.  .  .  I902 AGENT    HARLEM   DISTRICT 

State  registered  nurse;  graduate  N.  Y.  City  Hospital  Training 

School,  1895;  N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1904. 
Visitor,   Investigation  Bureau,   1902;    assistant  agent,  Harlem 

District,  1902-06;   agent,  1906—. 
Nurse  N.   Y.  Juvenile   Asylum,   1896;    head   nurse.   City   Hos- 
pital, Blackwell's  Island,  1899-1902. 

GENEVIEVE   M.   SCOVILLE . .  .ASSISTANT  AGENT 

Syracuse  Univ.,  B.L.  1898;  N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1904. 
Visitor    Investigation   Bureau,    1904,    1905-06;    assistant    agent 
Hudson  and  Riverside  Districts,   1904-05;    assistant  agent 
Harlem   District,  1906—. 

ISABELLE    SCHWARZ.  .  .  I902 STENOGRAPHER 


244  STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY 

IDA   KLEMME.  .  .  I905 AGENT   BRONX  DISTRICT 

Educated   in   Germany;    N.   Y.    School   of   Philanthropy,   1906. 
Visitor   Investigation   Bureau,   1905-07;    assistant   agent  Bronx 
District,   January-September,   1907. 

EUDORA    I.    DAVIES.  .  .  I907 ASSISTANT    AGENT 

Graduate  of  the  Baptist  Training  School,  Philadelphia,  1902; 

N.   Y.   School  of   Philanthropy,   190G-07. 
Church  visitor,  1902-07. 

HELEN    VERONICA    BRYAN.  .  .  I902 STENOGRAPHER 

SPECIAL  EMPLOYMENT  BUREAU  FOR  THE    HANDICAPPED 

JESSIE    INNELA    BELYEA  .  .  .  I905 AGENT 

Graduate    Massachusetts    General    Hospital    Training    School, 

1899;   McLean  Hospital  for  Insane,  1901;   N.  Y.  School  of 

Philanthropy,   1905-06. 
Visitor-   Investigation    Bureau,    1905-06;     special    investigator, 

1906-07. 
Investigator,    Pa.    Society    for   the    Prevention    of   Cruelty   to 

Children,  1906. 

.HENRY   V.    DUNN.  .  .  I905 ASSISTANT   AGENT 

Stenographer,   Mendicancy  Bureau,   1905-07. 

C.     BEATRICE     MASSON  .  .  .  I907 STENOGRAPHER 

Stenographer,  Bronx  District,  1907. 

>VOOD    YARD 

FRANK    L.    HEBBERD.  .  .  i8q8 SUPERINTENDENT 


ALGERNON     A.     JONES.  .  .  1897 .CLERK 

LAUNDRY 

M.    ANTOINETTE    WILLIAMS     (mRS.)  .  .  .  I902 SUPERINTENDENT 

Interviewer,  Joint    Application  Bureau,  1902;    Assistant  super- 
intendent, 1902-04;    superintendent.  Laundry,  1904 — . 

EVELYN     GORHAM  .  .  .  I907 CASHIER 

MARI     VITORISZ  .  .  .  I9OI FOREWOMAN 

KATHERINE    A,     MORAN  .  .  .  I904 LISTER 

ERNESTINE  C.  JORNS  .  .  .  I903 PACKER 


STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY  245 

PENNY   PROVIDENT    FUND 

CHARLES    GOLDEN  .  .  .  1888 / SECRETARY 

Office  boy,  1888-90;  assistant,  1890-1906;  secretary,  1906—. 

THOMAS  J.   DE  YENS.  .  .  I907 CLERK 

THE  NE^W  YORH  SCHOOL  OF  PHILANTHROPY* 

SAMUEL    MCCUNE    LINDSAY.  .  .  I907 DIRECTOR 

Univ.  of  Pa.,  Ph.B.  1889;   Univ.  of  Halle,  Ph.D.  1892. 

Professor  of  Sociology,  Univ.  of  Pa.,  1896-1907;  commissioner 
of  education,  Porto  Rico,  1902-04;  secretary  National 
Child  Labor  Committee,  1904-07. 

Professor  of  Social  Legislation,  Columbia  University;  vice- 
'  chairman,  National  Child  Labor  Committee;  member 
Committee  on  the  Physical  Welfare  of  School  Children, 
advisory  board  National  Consumers'  League,  Englewood 
Bureau  of  Associated  Relief,  Alliance  Employment  Bureau, 
N.  Y.  Child  Labor  Committee. 

Author  of  Price  Movements  of  the  Precious  Metals  since 
1850,  Social  Reform  Work  in  Philadeplphia,  Railway 
Labor  in  the  United  States,  Education  in  Porto  Rico, 
conference    papers,    monographs,    and    magazine    articles. 

ROSWELL  CHENEY   MCCREA  .  .  .  I907 ASSOCIATE  DIRECTOR 

Haverford  College,  B.A.  1897;  Cornell  Univ.,  M.A.  1900;  Univ. 
of  Pa.,  Ph.D.  1901. 

Professor  of  Economics  and  Sociology,  Bowdoin  College, 
1903-07. 

Author  of  reports,  reviews,  and  articles  on  economic  and 
sociological  subjects,  in  technical  journals  and  govern- 
ment publications. 

BELL  V.   PICKETT.  .  .  I907 STENOGRAPHER 

HELEN   PAGE  BATES    (mRS.)  .  .  .  IQ06 LIBRARIAN 

Wellesley  B.A.   1883;    Univ.   of  Wisconsin,   Ph.D.   1896;    N.  Y. 

School  of  Philanthropy,  1902. 
Columbia   University  Library,   1884-5;    headworker  Unity   Set- 
tlement,    Minneapolis,     1899-1901;     associate    headworker 
College      Settlement,      Philadelphia,      1901-02;      Associate 
Sociological  Librarian  N.  Y.  State  Library,  1902-06. 

ELSIE   BOGART   SANGER.  .  .  IQ06 ASSISTANT    LIBRARIAN 

Clerk,   Charities   Directory,   1906;    assistant  librarian,   1906 — . 

GERTRUDE   GRAY  .  .  .  I907 CLERK    IN    LIBRARY 

♦For  complete  list  of  lecturers  and  teachers  see  Year-Book  of  the  School. 


246  •  STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY 

CHARITIES    AND    THE    COMMONS 

EDWARD  T.  DEVINE EDITOR 

See  page  233. 

PAUL    U.    KELLOGG.  .  .  I902 MANAGING    EDITOR 

DIRECTOR  PITTSBURG  SURVEY 

N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1902;  graduate  courses,  School 
of  Political  Science,  Columbia  University,  1902-5. 

Reporter  and  city  editor,  Kalamazoo  (Mich.)  Daily  Tele- 
graph,   1898-1902. 

Assistant  secretary  N.  C.  C.  C,  1904,  1905;  N.  Y.  State  Con- 
ference,  1903. 

Board  of  Managers  Co-operative  Social  Settlement;  member 
Committee  for  Improving  the  Industrial  Condition  of  the 
Negro  in  New  York;  Educational  Committee,  Association 
of  Neighborhood  Workers. 

MARGARET   MAYERS.  .  .  I904.  .  SEC'y  TO  THE    MANAGING   EDITOR 

ARTHUR    P.    KELLOGG.  .  .  I903 BUSINESS    MANAGER 

N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1903. 

Five  years'  newspaper  experience  in  Michigan  and  Chicago. 

Assistant  editor,  1903-06;   business  manager,  1906 — . 

Assistant  secretary  N.  C.  C.  C,  1906,  1907;  N.  Y.  State  Con- 
ference, 1904,  1905;  member  Press  Committee  N,  C.  C. 
C,  1908. 

GRAHAM    ROMEYN    TAYLOR  ..  .1905 WESTERN    REPRESENTATIVE 

Harvard,  B.A.  1903. 

Associated  Press  reporter.  Assembly,  N.  Y.  Legislature,  1904; 
associate  editor  The  Commons,  1904-05. 

Resident  Chicago  Commons;  secretary  Playground  Associa- 
tion of  Chicago;  secretary  Chicago  Federation  of  Settle- 
ments; member  executive  committee,  Seventeenth  Ward 
Community  Club;  City  Club  Committee  on  Buildings; 
Committee  on  Legislation,  Illinois  State  Conference,  1908. 

Author  of  magazine  articles. 

LEWIS   E.   PALMER.  .  .  I906 EDITORIAL    STAFF 

Cornell  Univ.,  B.A.  1905;   N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1906. 

BELLE   LINDNER    ISRAELS    (mRS.    C.    H.)  .  .  .  I906.  .  .EDITORIAL    STAFF 
Assistant   to   Committee   on   Entertainments   and   Exhibitions, 
Educational    Alliance;     publicity    work    for    the    United 
Hebrew  Charities;  previous  to  1906. 
Assistant  secretary,  N.  Y.  State  Conference,  1906,  1907;  board 
of  directors  Council  of  Jewish  Women,  board  of  directors 
and  executive  committee,  Travellers'  Aid   Society;    board 
of   governors.    Prospect    House,   Yonkers;    executive   com- 
mittee Women's  Conference,  Society  for  Ethical  Culture; 
chairman  committee  on  Lakeview  Home  for  Girls. 
Author  of  magazine  articles  on  social  subjects. 


/ 

STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY  247 

KATHERINE   LETITIA    MAURICE    (mRS.)  .  .  .  I906.  .  .EDITORIAL    STAFF 

ARTHUR  HUNTINGTON   GLEASON  .  .  .  I907 .EDITORIAL   STAFF 

Yale,  B.A.  1901. 

Six  years'  newspaper  and  magazine  experience. 

Settlement  work  in  connection  with  Christodora  House,  1903-7. 

NORVAL   D.    KEMP.  ..  1907.  .  .EDITOR    WHO's    WHO    IN    SOCIAL    WORK 

Four  years'  experience  in  compilation  of  city  and  national  di- 
rectories. 

HAROLD  M.  FINLEY.  .  .  I907 EDITORIAL  STAFF 

Yale,  B.A.  1906. 

Investigation  and  statistical  work  for  the  Federation  of 
Churches,  1906-07. 

MARION    P.    SHERWOOD.  .  .  I907 EDITORIAL    STAFF 

Stenographer  Western  Office  of  Charities,  April- July,  1907. 
Resident  Greenwich  House,  1907 — . 

FRANCIS  H.  MCLEAN.  .  .  I907. FIELD  SEC,  FIELD  DEPARTMENT 

Univ.  of  California,  B.A.  1892;  graduate  work,  Johns  Hop- 
kins Univ.,  1894,  Columbia  Univ.,  1895,  Univ.  of  Pa.,  1897. 

Assistant  secretary.  Brooklyn  Bureau  of  Charities,  1898-1900; 
special  agent.  Committee  of  Fifty;  general  secretary,  Mon- 
treal Charity  Organization  Society,  1900-02;  general  district 
secretary  Chicago  Bureau  of  Charities,  1902-05;  superin- 
tendent Brooklyn  Bureau  of  Charities,  1905-7;  superintend- 
ent. Rehabilitation  Committee,  San  Francisco,  1906;  resi- 
dent in  settlements  in  New  York,  Brooklyn  and  Chicago, 

Chairman  N.  Y.  State  Conference  Committee  on  the  Care  of 
the  Poor  in  their  Homes,  1907;  member  N.  C.  C.  C  Com- 
mittee on  Needy  Families,  1908;  Advisory  Committee, 
Asacog  House;  Committee  on  Exhibit  of  Congestion; 
chairman  Committee  on  International  Relations,  National" 
Consumers'  League. 

Author  of  monographs,  conference  papers,  and  magazine- 
articles  on  social  subjects. 

FRIEND  PITTS.  .  .  I903 ADVERTISING  MANAGER 

Fourteen  years'  experience  as  solicitor  and  advertising  man- 
ager. 

CONSTANCE  DAVIS   LEUPP  .  .  .  T907.  .' CIRCULATION    MANAGER 

Bryh  Mawr,  B.A.  1903;  N.  Y.  School  of  Philanthropy,  1907. 
Clerk,   University  of  Chicago  Press,   1906-07. 

JOSEPHINE    CROWLEY.  .  .  I904 SUBSCRIPTION     CLERK 

Telephone  operator,  1904;  subscription  clerk,  1904 — . 


248  STAFF  OF  THE  SOCIETY 

EDNA    D.    STRICKLAND.  .  .  I907 CASHIER 

KATHRYN    M.    KEIL  .  .  .  I902 STENOGRAPHER 

Stenographer:      Chelsea     District,     1902-06;      Central     Office, 
1906-07. 

EDITH    E.    RICHMOND.  .  .  I905 STENOGRAPHER 

Stenographer,  Registration  Bureau,   1905-07. 

BERTHA  A.  PEPPEARD.  .  .  I907 STENOGRAPHER 

Assistant  superintendent,  Dorothea  Dix  House,  Boston,  1896-7. 

EDITH   MAYNARD  REYNOLDS.  .  .  I907 STENOG.,   WESTERN   OFFICE 

Mt.    Holyoke,   B.A.   1890;    special   student,   Univ.   of   Chicago, 
1895. 

DAISY  MIER  .  .  .  1907 COPYIST 

LOUISE  A.  SEIFFERTH.  .  .  I907 RECEPTION  CLERK 

Mailing   clerk   and    multigraph    operator,    January-September, 
1907. 

LOUISE    BARTHOLOW MULTIGRAPH    OPERATOR 

Resident    Richmond    Hill    House,    Little    Italy    Neighborhood 
House,   and  Greenwich  House,  1904-07. 

WILLIAM    REAGAN  .  .  .  I906 MAILING    CLERK 

Office    boy.    Committee    on    the    Prevention    of    Tuberculosis, 
1906-07. 


Financial  Statements 

AND 

Lists  of  Contributors 


FINANCIAL    STATEMENTS 


STATEMENT    OF    PERMANE:NT    FUNDS 
On    September    30,    1907. 

Legacies,  Memorial  Funds,  etc $177,230.43 

U.  C.  B.  Maintenance  Fund 28,000.00 

Library  Endowment  Fund 2,289.34 

Carnegie   Fresh  Air  Fund 5,000.00 

Kennedy  Endowment  Fund,.  School  of  Philanthropy 250,000.00 


$462,519.77 


Investment  of  Permanent  Funds. 

U.  C.  B.  Maintenance  Fund,  in  control  of  Trustees    (par 

value) , $28,000.00 

Industrial  Building 56.935.72 

Northern  Pacific  R.  R.  bonds  (par  $11,000,  4%) 11,588.75 

Third  Ave.  R.  R.  bonds  (par  $10,000,  4%) 10,125.00 

N.  Y.  Gas,  Electric  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Co.  bonds  (par 

$10,000,  4%)    ' 9,653.75 

Hackensack  Water  Co.  bonds   (par  $9,000,  4%  ]  m  nnn  nn 

N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  R.  R.  bonds    (par  $2,500  5%  \    iu,uuu.uu 

N.  Y.  City  bond    (par  $3,000,  3%) 2,992.50 

Provident  Loan  Society 328,175.00 

Mortgage  at  5% 5,000.00 

Balance  uninvested,  September  30,  1907 49.05 


$462,519.77 


STATEMENT    OF    RUCEliPTS    AND    DISBURSEMENTS 
Tor  the  Year  Ending  September  30,  1907. 

Balance  on  hand  Oct.  1,  1906. 

General   Work •  $2,088.53 

School  of  Philanthropic 10,069.70 

Committee  on  the  Prevention  of 

Tuberculosis 320.71 

Tenement  House  Committee...  388.40 

$12,867.34       §12,867.84 

Receipts  during  year. 
General  Work. 

Contributions     $72,541.77 

Investment  Income   8,257.22  '. 

Loans. 20,500.00 

Repayment  of  Loan  to 
Charities      P  u  b  1  ication 

Committee 3,000.00 

Penny  Provident  Fund 500.00 

Miscellaneous    Publications.  36.19 

Sale  of  Antiques 79.67 

Transfer     from     Provident 

Relief   Fund    3,260.55       108,175.40 

School  of  Philanthropy. 

Registration   Fees    $2,128.90 

Interest  on  Kennedy  En- 
dowment Fund 11,250.00 

Interest  on  Library  En- 
dowment  Fund 90.00 

Interest  on  bank  balance..  100.77 

Donation  for  Scholarships.  607.75 

Donation   for   Research 1,000.00         15,177.42 


Department     for     Improvement 
of  Social  Conditions. 

General  Contributions   $11,333.33 

Tenement  House  Committee       1,401.12 
Committee   on   the   Preven- 
tion of  Tuberculosis. 

Contributions    15,179,66 

Sale   of   Publications..  139.61 

Transfer    from     Relief 

Fund 807.26         28,860.98     $152,213.80 

$165,081.14 


FINANCIAL    STATEMENTS  253 

Disbursements  during  year. 

General  Work  (see  Schedule  A,  this  page)     $101,354.89 
School  of  Philanthropy   (see  Schedule  B, 

page    254)     15,083.80 

Department    for    Improvement    of    Social 

Conditions  (see  Schedule  C,  page  255) . .         20,274.00     $136,712.69 


Balance  on  hand,  September  30,  1907. 

General  Work  $8,981.85* 

School  of  Philanthropy 10,163.32 

Department    for    Improvement    of    Social 
Conditions 9,223.28         28,368.45 


$165,081.14 


♦The  Society  closed  the  year  with  a  deficit  of  $7,518.15  in  General 
Work,  being  the  difference  between  the  amount  of  unpaid  loans, 
$16,500.00,  and  the  balance  on  hand  September  30,  $8,981.85. 

SCHEDULE  A. 

DiSBUBSEMENTS    FOB    GeNEBAL  WOBK. 

Central  Office. 

Salaries    and    Wages $20,141.75 

Telephone,   Telegraph  and   Messenger 593.12 

Transportation   and   Express 480.57 

News,    Directories,    etc 179.92 

Stationery  and   Printing 2,152.58 

Postage   and    Delivery 2,185.49 

Furniture  and  Fittings 1,476.63 

Rent 90.00 

Sundry     578.78       $27,878.84 

District  Offices. 

Salaries   and  Wages $20,961.02 

Telephone,  Telegraph  and  Messenger 345.56 

Transportation  and  Express.   470.93 

Stationery  and  Printing 636.89 

Postage   and    Delivery 264.34 

Furniture  and  Fittings 132.67 

Rent 3,413.00 

Sundry 1,080.59         27,305.00 

Registration  Bureau. 

Salaries  and  Wages    •. . .  $5,157.05 

Transportation  and  Express 190.59 

Stationery  and   Printing 557.63 

Postage  and  Delivery 153.52 

Furniture  and  Fittings 314.57 

Sundry 29.79           6,403.15 

$61,586.99 


254,  FINANCIAL    STATEMENTS 

Forward $61,586.99 

Investigation  Bureau. 

Salaries   and   Wages $10,946.34 

Transportation  and  Express 888.37 

Stationery  and  Printing 110.37 

Sundry  .  .    , 105.57         12,050.65 


Joint  Application  Bureau. 

Saliiries   and   Wages $3,353.90 

Sundry 7.02  3,360.92 


Special  Employment  Bureau. 

Salaries   and  Wages $1,649.56 

Transportation  and  Express 127.71 

Stationery  and  Printing 276.22 

Sundry 142.46  2,195  95 


Mendicancy  Bureau.* 

SrJzirics  and  Wages   $1,947.60 

Transportation  and  Express 246.62 

Stationery  and  Printing 48.38 

Postage  and  Delivery 35.30 

Sundry 136.49  2,414.39 


Charities  Directory 429.60 

Charities  Publication  Committee 2,910.00 

Repayment  of  Loans 16,000.00 

Interest  on   Loans 406.39 


$101,354.89 


*  For  period  from  October  1,  1906,  to  May  31,  1907;  for  subsequent 
period  see  Schedule  C,  page  255. 


SCHEDULE  B. 

DiSBUBSEMENTS    FOE    THE    SCHOOL    OF    PhH^ANTHEOPY. 

Administration. 

Salaries  and  Wages $5,719.97 

Stationery  and  Printing 494.06 

Postage  and  Delivery 217.25 

Furniture  and  Fittings 213.42 

Pent 1,320.00 

Sundry     268.86         $8,233.56 


FINANCIAL    STATEMENTS  255 

Forward $8,233.56 

Instruction. 

Lectures     , |2,878.38 

Fellowships  and  Scholarships 2,676.25  5,554.63 


Library.* 

Salaries  and   Wages $812.50 

Books  and  Bindings 389.15 

Sundry 93.96           1,295.61 


$15,083.80 


*  One  half  of  the  expense  of  salaries  in  the  Library  is  met  by  Cen- 
tral Office  and  included  in  Schedule  A,  page  253. 


SCHEDULE  C. 

disbuesements  for  the  department  for  the  improvement  of  soc'ial 

Conditions. 

General. 

Salaries   and  Wages $5,509.09 

Telephone,  Telegraph  and  Mess- 
enger   35.13 

Transportation  and  Express....  487.82 

News,   Directories,   etc 90.84 

Stationery  and  Printing. 227.46 

Postage  and  Delivery 138.44 

Furniture  and   Fittings 441.07  . 

Sundry.    528.09 

Rent     697.36         $8,155.30 


Tenement  House  Committee. 

Salaries    and    Wages $359.15 

Sundry    .      103.01  462.16 


Mendicancy  Bureau.* 

Salaries    and    Wages $306.00 

Sundry     92.41  398.41 

$9,015.87 

*  For  period  from  June  1,  1907,  to  September  30,  1907;  for  previous 
period  see  Schedule  A,  page  253. 


256  FINANCIAL   STATEMENTS 

Forward     $9,015.87 

Committee  on  the  Prevention  of  Tu- 
berculosis. 
General. 

Salaries  and  wages    $2,694.17 

Transportation,  Express,  Tel- 
egraph and  Postage 541.62 

Stationery  and  Printing 1,317.15 

Furniture  and  Fittings 331.85 

Rent 335.55 

Exhibits 1,559.55 

Lectures 329.72 

Newspapers 666.43 

Advertising 214.20 

Investigations 150.00 

Repayment  of  Loan  to  Relief 

Fund 1,000.00 

Sundry 39.95          9,180.19 


Administration  of  Relief. 

Salaries  and  Wages $1,015.00 

Furniture  and  Fittings 90.00 

Day   Camp 797.82 

Sundry 175.12  2,077.94       $11,258.13 


$20,274.00 


We  have  audited  the  receipts  and  disbursements  of  the  Current  Funds 
of  the  Cbarity  Organization  Society  of  the  City  of  New  York,  for  the 
year  ended  September  30,  1907,  and 

We  hereby  certify  that  the  foregoing  statement  is  correct. 

(Signed)     •    Haskins  &  Sells, 
Certified  Public  Accountants. 
New  York,  November  11,  1907. 


STATEMENT  OF  RELIEF  OBTAINED  AND  DISTRIBUTED 
For  the  Year  Ending  September  30,  1907 

Balance  on  Hand,  October  1,  1906. 
Provident  Relief: 

General     $2,236.40 

Loan  Fund  18,301.75 

—     $20,538.15 

Tuberculosis  Relief 8,268.47 

For  Special  Cases 6,205.71 

$35,012.33 

Receipts    Dueing   Yeab. 

Provident  Relief:  " 

General 

Contributions    $36,020.00 

Income  U.  C.  B. 
Maintenance  Fund    . .     1,650.50 

Interest    855.10 

Refunds    1,041.20 

Sale  of  Antiques 69.68 

$39,636.48 

Loan  Fund, 

Interest $50.00 

Refunds     471.50 

521.50 

— $40,157.98 

Tuberculosis  Rfelief: 

Contributions    $5,728.37 

Return  of  Loan  from  C.  P.  T 1,000.00 

Interest    136.20 

Refunds    168.23 

7,032.80 

For  Special  Cases: 

Newspaper    appeals $5,511.25 

Churches  and  societies,  New  York. .       2,052.22 
Churches  and  societies,  other  cities      2,444.05 

Other  private  sources   16,113.01 

Interest  on  bank  balance. 391.80 

Refunds    270.86 

26,783.19 

$73,973.97 

$108,986.30 


258  FINANCIAL    STATEMENTS 

Disbursements  During  Year: 
Provident  Relief: 
General 

Relief    $37,264.41 

Administration    2,660.55 

$39,924.96 

Loan    4,820.00 

Tuberculosis  Relief: 

Relief    $13,548.53 

Administration    1,752.74 

15,301.27 

For    Special    Cases 26,013.76 

Balance  on  Hand  Septembee  30,  1907. 
Provident  Relief: 

General    $1,792.26 

Loan  Fund 14,003.25 

$15,795.51 

Tuberculosis  Relief    220.32 

For   Special    Cases 6,910.48 


$86,059.09 


$22,926.31 
$108,986.30 


We  have  audited  the  Statement  of  Relief  Obtained  and  Distributed  by 
The  Charity  Organization  Society  of  the  City  of  New  York,  for  the  year 
ended  September  30,  1907,  and 

We  hereby  Certify  that  the  foregoing  statement  is  correct. 

(Signed)         Haskins  &  Sells, 
Certified  Public  Accountants. 
New  York,  November  11,  1907. 


RIIPORT    or    THE     TRI:ASUKE,R     or    THE     INDUSTRIAL 
BUILDING    AND    ATV^OODYARD 

For    tHe    Year    Ending    September    30,    1907. 

Sales  of  Wood  Cut  in  Yard $34,209.50 

Cost  of  Sales  of  Wood  Cut  in  Yard. 

Wood: 

Inventory,  Oct.  1,  1906, 

Kindling  and  Stick  Wood $4,680.00 

Purchases  of  Stick  Wood  • 16,554.12 

$21,234.12 
Less  Inventory,  Sept.  30,  1907, 

Kindling  and  Stick  Wood 2,614.56 

Prime  Cost  of  Wood $18,619.56 

Cutting: 

Wao^es   of  Regular  Employes $1,626.84 

Wages  of  Men  with  Homes 2,669.45 

Expenses  for  Lodging  and  Meals 

of     Single     Men     (in     lieu     of 

Wages) 1,451.80 

Cost  of  Cutting 5,747.59 

Delivery : 
Wages  of  Drivers  and  Helpers  on 

Wagons     $3,829.02 

Horse  Hire 440.25 

Keep  of  Horses 1,821.87 

Cost    of    Delivery 6,091.14 

Cost  of  Wood  Sold  from  the  Yard.  $30,458.29 


Gross  Profit  from  Sales  of  Wood  Cut  in  Yard.  $3,751.21 

Sales  of  Wood  on  Commission $12,805.25 

Cost  of  Commission  Sales 11,201.95 

Gross  Profit  from  Commission  Sales 1,603.30 


Gross  Profit  from  All  Sales  of  Wood $5,354.51 


26o  FINANCIAL    STATEMENTS 

Expenses. 

Salaries  of  Superintendent  and  Clerk $1,800.00 

Wages  of  Engineer  and  Watchman 1,359.39 

Coal 439.47 

Repairs. 549.51 

Supplies 652.31 

Insurance 72.65 

Stationery  and   Printing 1,076.81 

Telephone  and  Transportation 138.51 

Auditing 260.00 

Sundry  Expenses 277.08 

Pension 90.00 

$6,715.73 
Less,  Charged  to  Laundry. 776.25 

Total    Expenses $5,939.48 

Reserve  for  Bad  Debts 200.00  6,139.48 

Net  Loss  from  Operation  of  Wood  Yard. . .  $784.9'i( 

Income  from  Sundry  Sources. 

Sales  of  Tickets. $1,461.00 

Donations 25.00 

Interest  on  Bank  Deposits 10.24  1,496.24 

Net  Income  for  Year  ended  Sept.  30,  1907.  .  $711.27 

JOHNSTON  DE  FOREST, 

Treasurer. 

I  have  examined  the  books  of  the  Industrial  Building  and  Woodyard 
of  the  Charity  Organization  Society  for  the  year  ending  September  30, 
1907,  and 

I  HEREBY  CERTIFY  that  the  above  statement  is  correct. 

Godfrey  N.  Nelson, 
Certified  Public  Accountant. 


REPORT  or  the:  treasurer  of  the  laundry 

For  the  Year  Ending  September  30,  1907 
EXPENDITUBES. 

Pay  Roll    $16,751.43 

Expenses    4,054.21 

Repairs  to  elevator  and  other  equipment 250.94 

Purchase  of  new  equipment 107.50 

$21,164.08 


Income. 

Amount  charged  for  laundry  work  done 

$20,086.66 

Lessons    

14.50 

I           f  n  1  ni  1  fi 

Loss  on  business  for  year 

$1,062.92 

Received  from  Mrs.  J.  P.  Morgan 

$25.00 

"      Miss  Annie   Stone 

206.00 

"      Mr.  Otto  T.  Bannard 

25.00 

"      Mrs.   George  Blagden 

25.00 

"      Miss  Grace  H.  Dodge 

25.00 

"      Mrs.   James  J.   Higginson 

50.00 

"      Mrs.  George  Zabriskie 

10.00 

"      Mr.  James  B.  Ford 

50.00 

"      Mr.  William   P.  Clyde 

25.00 

"     Mr.  William  A.  Reade 

25.00 

"            "      Mr.  Clarence  M.  Hyde 

100.00 

"      Mr.  E.  P.  Button 

25.00 

"      Mr.  Samuel  McCauley  Jackson. 

15.00 

"      Mrs.   Frank   Lynde   Stetson 

25.00 

"     Mrs.    Edwin    Parsons 

25.00 

"      Mr.   James   Douglas    

25.00 

"      Mr.  F.  M.  Warburg 

25.00 

.  "            "      Mr.  Robert  S.  Brewster 

25.00 

.  "      Mrs.    J.    C.    Hoagland 

25.00 

"      Mr.  F.  N.   Goddard 

25.00 

"     Mrs.  Cleveland  H.  Dodge 

50.00 

"     Mrs.  H.  S.  Harkness 

50.00 

"     Miss  G.  W.   Sargent 

25.00 

"     Miss  M.  H.  Maynard 

10.00 

$916.00 


2b2 

FINANCIAL    STATEMENTS 

Forward 

$916.00 

30.00 

Received  from  Mrs.  R.  T.  Auchmuty 

Mrs.  Richard  M.  Hoe 

25.00 

Mrs.  W.  C.  Osborn 

25.00 

Mrs.  Frederic  S.  Lee 

25.00 

Miss  Mary  M.  Billings 

25.00 

Mrs.    William   Milton 

30.00 

Mrs.   H.   L.    Satterlee 

25.00 

Mrs.   Lansdale  Boardman 

5.00 

Mrs.  M.  W.  White 

25.00 

Mrs.    Russell    Sturgis 

5.0t) 

Mrs.  J.  D.  Archbold 

25.00 

Mr.  Robert  W.  de  Forest 

25.00 

Mr.  V.  Everit  Macy... 

10.00 

Mr.  William  McN.  Purdy 

5.00 

Mr.   F.   H.   Cravath 

10.00 

Miss  Elizabeth  G.  King 

5.00 

Mrs.  Edwin  L.  Bulkley 

15.00 

Miss   Faith   Moore 

25.00 

Mr.  E.  M.  Grinnell 

25.00 

Total    

E.   M. 

$1,28]  .00 

grinnj:ll, 

Treasurer. 

We  have  examined  the  books  and  records  of  the  Laundry  of  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  of  New  York  for  the  year  ended  Sep- 
tember 30,  1907,  and 

We  hereby,  certify  that  the  above  statement  of  Expenditures,  In- 
come, and  Donations  is  correct. 

(Signed)  Haskins  &  Sells, 

Certified  Public  Accountants. 


CHARITIES  AND  THE  COMMONS-.  FINANCIAL  STATEMENT 
For  the  Year  Ending  September  30,  1907 

GENERAL   FUND. 
Balance  on  hand  October  1,  1906 ,  $84.15 


Receipts  During  Yeab. 

Subscriptions    $11,616.83 

Advertising     4,067.99 

Books,  reprints,  etc 2,443.38 

Guarantors'  Fund    14,500.00 

General  contributions    11,408.51 

Charity  Organization   Society  contribu- 
tion    2,910.00     46,946.71 


$47,030.86 


Disbursements    During    Year. 


Editorial   and   educational $11,873.70 

Publishing 27,989.33 

Advertising    2,752.08  ' 

Books,  reprints,  etc 2,492.42 

Press    service 1,132.83  46,240.86 


Balance  on  hand  September  30,  1907 . .  $790.50 


FIELD  DEPARTMENT. 

Receipts  During  Year. 

Dues    : !  t . . .        $485.00 

Sales     ; 14.00  $509.00 

Deficit  October  1,  1906 ^  24.80 

$484.20 


264  FINANCIAL   STATEMENTS 

DiSBUESEMENTS  DUBING  YEAB. 

Salaries  and  wages $78.55 

Printing  and  stationery 12.20 

Postage    21.55 

Sundry  expenses   52.24 

Railroad  expenses 200.00  364.54 


Balance  on  hand  September  30,  1907..  $119.66 


PITTSBURGH  FUND. 

(Fob  the  Nine  Months  Ending  Septembeb  30,  1907.) 

Receh'ts. 
Donations $5,365.t)0 

DiSBUBSEMENTS. 

Salaries  and  wages $2,207.10 

Railroad   expenses    329.45 

Generai  expenses   1,730.08  4,266.63 


Balance  on  hand  September  30,  1907...  $1,098.37 


We  have  audited  the  receipts  and  disbursements  of  the  publication 
Charities  and  the  Commons  for  the  year  ended  September  30,  1907,  and 
We  heeeby  certify  that  the  foregoing  statement  is  correct. 

(Signed)         Haskins  &  Sells, 

Certified   Public  Accountants. 
New  York,  November  11,  1907. 


The  certificates  of  the  auditors  appended  to  the  Statement  of  Receipts 
and  Disbursements,  the  Statement  of  Relief  Obtained  and  Distributed, 
the  Report  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  Industrial  Building  and  Wood  Yard, 
the  Report  of  the  Treasurer  of. the  Laundry,  and  the  Financial  State- 
ment of  Charities  and  The  Commons,  'are  approved  by  the  Committee  on 
Audit  of  Accounts.  w' 

-    •       (Si^fied^v^CiiAKLES    E.    Merrill, 
Otto    T.    Bannard, 
Robert    S.    Brewster, 

Committee 


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